Evolution of tick vaccinology

Parasitology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 8

Published: April 8, 2024

Ticks represent a major concern for society worldwide. are also difficult to control, and vaccines the most efficacious, safe, economically feasible environmentally sustainable intervention. The evolution of tick vaccinology has been driven by multiple challenges such as (1) (2) Vaccines control infestations reducing ectoparasite fitness reproduction, (3) Vaccine efficacy against species, (4) Impact strain genetic diversity on vaccine efficacy, (5) Antigen combination improve (6) formulations delivery platforms (7) Combination with transgenesis paratransgenesis. Tick antigens evolved from organ protein extracts recombinant proteins chimera designed vaccinomics quantum vaccinomics. Future directions will advance in these areas together other novel technologies multiomics, AI Big Data, mRNA vaccines, microbiota-driven probiotics interventions collaboration regions high incidence tick-borne diseases personalized medicine approach.

Language: Английский

---

Tick Control Strategies: Critical Insights into Chemical, Biological, Physical, and Integrated Approaches for Effective Hard Tick Management

Veterinary Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 114 - 114

Published: Feb. 2, 2025

Ticks and tick-borne diseases significantly impact animal health, public economic productivity globally, particularly in areas where the wildlife–livestock interface complicates management. This review critically examines current control strategies, focusing on chemical, biological, physical, integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. Chemical acaricides, while effective, are increasingly challenged by resistance development environmental concerns. Biological approaches, including natural predators entomopathogenic fungi, physical interventions, such as habitat modification, provide sustainable alternatives but require further optimization. IPM stands out most promising long-term solution, integrating multiple approaches to enhance efficacy reducing risks. Emerging innovations, nanotechnology-enhanced acaricides next-generation vaccines, offer avenues for improved tick control. Addressing complex challenges of requires tailored interdisciplinary collaboration, sustained research investment both veterinary health contexts.

Language: Английский

---

Fourteen anti-tick vaccine targets are variably conserved in cattle fever ticks

Parasites & Vectors, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: April 15, 2025

Abstract Background Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) microplus causes significant cattle production losses worldwide because it transmits Babesia bovis and B. bigemina , the causative agents of bovine babesiosis. Control these ticks has primarily relied on treatment with chemical acaricides, but frequent use, exacerbated by one-host lifecycle ticks, led to high-level resistance multiple classes acaricides. Consequently, new approaches for control, such as anti-tick vaccines, are critically important. Key this approach is targeting highly conserved antigenic epitopes reduce risk vaccine escape in heterologous tick populations. Methods We evaluated amino acid conservation within 14 proteins across 167 R. collected from geographically diverse locations Americas Pakistan using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicon sequencing silico translation exons. Results found that varied considerably proteins. Only voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was fully all samples (protein similarity 1.0). Four other were conserved: aquaporin RmAQP1 (0.989), vitellogenin receptor (0.985), serpin-1 subolesin (0.981). In contrast, glycoprotein Bm86 one least (0.889). The sequence used original Australian TickGARD carried many replacements compared populations examined here, supporting hypothesis target not optimal use Americas. By mapping onto predicted three-dimensional (3D) protein models, we also identified changes several small-peptide vaccines portions RmAQP2, chitinase, Bm86. Conclusions These findings emphasize importance thoroughly analyzing variation targets before selecting candidate antigens. When considering alone, RmAQP1, receptor, serpin-1, subolesin, especially VDAC rank high-priority candidates perhaps globally.

Language: Английский

---

Current Tick Control Strategies and Prospects for Using Nanotechnology as an Efficient Alternative—A Review

Veterinary Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 163 - 163

Published: Feb. 12, 2025

Ticks pose significant challenges to public and veterinary health, acting as vectors of several diseases that affect animals humans. Traditional chemical control methods, such pyrethroids organophosphates, have led increasing resistance environmental contamination, highlighting the need urgency for alternative strategies. This review explores contemporary approaches tick control, emphasizing plant-derived acaricides their integration with nanotechnology. Plant extracts, known acaricidal properties, disrupt biological processes in ticks, reducing reproduction survival rates. The advent nanotechnology offers promising advances efficacy these natural extracts. Nanoparticles add properties systems where they act by improving stability, bioavailability, targeted delivery compounds, potentially overcoming limitations traditional acaricides. synthesis current knowledge highlights potential combining plant extracts develop sustainable effective solutions, addressing issues acaricide well concerns. also identifies research gaps suggests directions future studies optimize application management.

Language: Английский

---

Acaricidal activity of Brassicaceae seed meals on Ixodid ticks: a potential plant-based control agent

Experimental and Applied Acarology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 94(3)

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Tick feeding or vaccination with tick antigens elicits immunity to the Ixodes scapularis exoproteome in guinea pigs and humans

Science Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(791)

Published: March 26, 2025

Ixodes scapularis is a primary vector of tick-borne pathogens in North America. Repeated exposure to these ticks can induce humoral response tick antigens and acquired resistance. However, identifying contributing this resistance challenging because the vast number I. proteins secreted during feeding. To address this, we developed rapid extracellular antigen monitoring ( Isc REAM), technique detect antibody responses more than 3000 antigens. We validated REAM with immunoglobulin G (IgG) from guinea pigs vaccinated antigens, including cement cocktail that induced Furthermore, explored natural bites by profiling recognized IgG isolated tick-resistant individual, as well others Lyme disease tick-bitten mice, identify 199 observed several contained histamine-binding domains. This work enhances our understanding host immune defines immunogen candidates for future antitick vaccines.

Language: Английский

---

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases affecting communal cattle and the control methods practiced by farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Veterinary World, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 746 - 754

Published: March 1, 2025

Background and Aim: Ticks tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose significant threats to cattle farming, impacting livestock health, productivity, economic sustainability. In communal farming systems, the challenges of tick control are exacerbated by limited resources, acaricide resistance, climate change. This study assesses farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, practices regarding ticks, TBDs, measures implemented in Eastern Cape Province (ECP) South Africa. Materials Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using structured questionnaires administered 100 farmers across 20 communities four vegetation types: Albany coastal belt (ACB), Amathole montane grassland (AMG), Bhisho thornveld (BT), Great fish thicket (GFT). Data were analyzed descriptive statistics, Pearson’s Chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests determine associations between farmer demographics, management practices, prevalence TBDs. Results: Most respondents (85%) male, with an average age 60 years, 65% had only primary education. Livestock ownership varied types, numbers ranging 12.8 ± 1.17 15.6 1.35 per farmer. Tick infestation perceived as a major constraint, adult more affected than calves (χ2 = 15.98, p < 0.001). The most commonly reported TBDs redwater (100%), gallsickness (90%), heartwater (43%), absent AMG. methods included plunge dipping (90%) use alternative treatments such used motor oil (54%) Jeyes fluid (35%). Acaricide inefficacy, poor mixing uncontrolled movement identified constraints effective management. Conclusion: Communal ECP recognize ticks critical challenges, variations TBD linked type. Ineffective resistance growing concerns, necessitating improved extension services Sustainable strategies should integrate scientific knowledge indigenous enhance health productivity systems. Keywords: change, cattle, Africa, diseases, ticks.

Language: Английский

---

The Growing Threat of Tick-Borne Viruses: Global Trends, Clinical Outcomes, and Diagnostic Strategies

Viral Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 24, 2025

Tick-borne viruses are an increasing global health concern due to their significant impact on humans and animals, as well expanding geographic distribution. Notable in this group include the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV), Heartland (HRTV), Powassan (POWV). This review evaluates spread, clinical effects, diagnostic challenges, treatment options, research gaps. These increasingly spreading climate change shifting tick habitats. The TBEV is moving into new areas of Europe Asia, while CCHFV advancing Balkans Caucasus. HRTV has become more common United States, POWV emerging regions North America. Symptoms can vary from mild severe neurological conditions. Diagnostic difficulties stem inconsistent test accuracy, options scarce, with only a few vaccines available. represent threat, given diverse outcomes difficulties. Developing accurate accessible tools critical for early identification treatment. Additionally, creating effective will be essential reducing overall burden these viruses. With spread viruses, enhanced surveillance, ongoing efforts, strategic public interventions necessary effectively control prevent further outbreaks.

Language: Английский

---

Leading anti-tick vaccine targets are variably conserved in cattle fever ticks

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Background Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus causes significant cattle production losses worldwide because it transmits Babesia bovis and B. bigemina causative agents of bovine babesiosis. Control these ticks primarily has relied on treatment with chemical acaricides, but frequent use, exacerbated by the one-host life cycle ticks, led to high-level resistance multiple classes acaricides. Consequently, new approaches for control, such as anti-tick vaccines, are critically important. Key this approach is targeting highly conserved antigenic epitopes reduce risk vaccine escape in heterologous tick populations. Methods We evaluated amino acid conservation within 14 proteins across 167 R. microplus collected from geographically diverse locations Americas Pakistan using PCR amplicon sequencing in silico translation exons. Results found that varied considerably proteins. Only one target, voltage-dependent anion channel, was fully all samples (protein similarity 1.0). Five other were conserved: aquaporin RmAQP1 (0.989), vitellogenin receptor (0.985), serpin-1 subolesin (0.981). In contrast, glycoprotein protease Bm86 least (0.889). The sequence used original Australian TickGARD carried many replacements compared populations examined here, supporting hypothesis target not optimal use Americas. By mapping onto predicted 3D protein models, we also identified changes several small peptide vaccines portions RmAQP2, chitinase, Bm86. Conclusions These findings emphasize importance thoroughly analyzing variation targets before selecting candidate antigens. When considering alone, RmAQP1, receptor, serpin-1, subolesin, especially channel rank high priority candidates perhaps globally.

Language: Английский

---

Current vaccines, experimental immunization trials, and new perspectives to control selected vector borne blood parasites of veterinary importance

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Nov. 13, 2024

Parasite infections transmitted by vectors such as ticks and blood-sucking arthropods pose a significant threat to both human animal health worldwide have substantial economic impact, particularly in the context of worsening environmental conditions. These can manifest variety symptoms, including fever, anemia, jaundice, enlarged spleen, neurological disorders, lymphatic issues, varying mortality rates. In this review, we will focus on current state available vaccines, vaccine research approaches, trials for diseases caused vector-borne blood parasites,

Language: Английский

---