The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(9), P. e1003337 - e1003337

Published: Sept. 21, 2020

Background Globally, the number of refugees and asylum seekers has reached record highs. Past research in refugee mental health reported wide variation illness prevalence data, partially attributable to methodological limitations. This systematic review aims summarise current body evidence for global populations overcome limitations individual studies. Methods findings A comprehensive search electronic databases was undertaken from 1 January 2003 4 February 2020 (MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EBM Reviews, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PILOTS, Web Science). Quantitative studies were included if diagnosis involved a clinical interview use validated assessment measure at least 50 participants. Study quality assessed using descriptive approach based on template according study design (modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale). Random-effects models, inverse variance weights, conducted. Subgroup analyses performed sex, sample size, displacement duration, visa status, country origin, residence, type (interpreter-assisted or native language), diagnostic measure. The registered with PROSPERO (CRD) 42016046349. yielded result 21,842 records. Twenty-six studies, which one randomised controlled trial 25 observational provided results 5,143 adult seekers. Studies across 15 countries: Australia (652 refugees), Austria (150), China (65), Germany (1,104), Italy (297), Lebanon (646), Nepal (574), Norway (64), South Korea (200), Sweden (86), Switzerland (164), Turkey (238), Uganda (77), United Kingdom (420), States America (406). posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 31.46% (95% CI 24.43–38.5), depression 31.5% 22.64–40.38), anxiety disorders 11% 6.75–15.43), psychosis 1.51% 0.63–2.40). limitation is that substantial heterogeneity present estimates PTSD, depression, anxiety, limited covariates Conclusions generates not only PTSD but also psychosis. Refugees have high persistent rates this highlight need ongoing, long-term care beyond initial period resettlement.

Language: Английский

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Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update

European journal of psychotraumatology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8(sup4)

Published: July 27, 2017

Background: Women have a two to three times higher risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared men. Several factors are involved explaining this difference (Christiansen & Hansen, 2015 Christiansen, D. M., M. (2015). Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model. European Journal Psychotraumatology, 6, 26068. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.26068[Taylor Francis Online], [Web Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Both psychosocial and biological explanations (e.g. oxytocin related) been suggested will be reviewed paper. To date, we still behind gender- sex-sensitive research reporting.Prevalence type trauma: The lifetime prevalence PTSD is about 10–12% women 5–6% There similar between the sexes (comorbid) disorders such as major depression anxiety disorders. subcluster scores found increased women, e.g. re-experiencing anxious arousal (Charak et al., 2014 Charak, R., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Angmo, D., Elhai, J. Koot, H. (2014). Factor structure PTSD, relation with gender trauma survivors from India. 5, 1. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.25547[Taylor Men experience different types trauma, both private life at work police officers, Van der Meer 2017 van Meer, C. A. I., Bakker, Smit, S., Buschbach, den Dekker, Westerveld, G. J., … Olff, (2017). Gender age among Dutch treatment-seeking officers. Nervous Mental Disease, 205(2), 87–2. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000562[Crossref], Scholar]), being exposed more high-impact sexual trauma) than men, younger age. Trauma early has impact, especially when it involves II interfering neurobiological development personality. Traumatic affects areas brains boys girls ages.Acute phase, stress-coping psychotherapy: In acute generally score men on subjective responses, threat perception, peritraumatic dissociation known predictors PTSD. handle stressful situations differently evolved differentially support these behaviours. For instance, may use tend-and-befriend response rather fight-or-flight that often assumed. Emotion-focused, defensive palliative coping prevalent while problem-focused seek social support, lack most consistent predictor negative outcome trauma. shown benefit psychotherapy then reduction symptoms.Psychobiological reactions effects oxytocin: Although only 2% psychobiological conducted females (mainly rats), shown. appear sensitized hypothalamus–pituitary–axis physiological hyperarousal system. consistently associated amygdala hyperactivity, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) hypoactivity reduced communication (functional connectivity) vmPFC amygdala, lower PFC control over providing an explanation excessive fear We hypothesized system, which was likely play sex-specific role response. recently traumatized patients, administration reactivity emotional stimuli depend stimulus valence (Frijling, Frijling, L. Preventing Effects neurocircuitry symptom trauma-exposed individuals. 8(1), 1302652. doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1302652[Taylor showed routes single potential diminish (fear learning) expression by amygdala: inhibitory centromedial nucleus fewer excitatory dorsal anterior cingulate projections basolateral women. So, our findings add accumulating evidence could potentially enhance treatment differ Scholar]).Gender policy: summary, all brain behaviour together explain why Clearly, should not simplify. no male or female stereotypes, but some features common others fully understand differences, need well reporting see policy Association Editors). 2016, Psychotraumatology first implement (Olff, 2016 (2016). Five years Psychotraumatology. 7, 31350. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.31350[Taylor i.e. authors asked to: report subjects, justify single-sex studies, discriminate (mostly human research), analyse how impact results, discuss issues relevant. This apply field psychotrauma, deserves much broader implementation. doing so, hope obtain information improve sex- gender-specific approaches helping those affected psychotrauma.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Nov. 8, 2019

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be referred to by other terms (e.g., early life adversity or stress and trauma) have a lifelong impact on mental physical health. For example, ACEs been associated with post-traumatic disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, diabetes cardiovascular disease. The heritability of ACE-related phenotypes such as PTSD, depression resilience is low moderate, and, moreover, very variable for given phenotype, which implies that gene environment interactions (such through epigenetic modifications) might involved in the onset these phenotypes. Currently, there increasing interest investigation contributions ACE-induced differential health outcomes. Although are number studies this field, still research gaps. In review, basic concept modifications methylation) function hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis response outlined. Examples specific genes undergoing methylation association outcomes provided. Limitations e.g., uncertain clinical diagnosis, conceptual inconsistencies, technical drawbacks reviewed, suggestions advances using new technologies novel directions. We thereby provide platform field build.

Language: Английский

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Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD

Current Psychiatry Reports, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 22(4)

Published: March 3, 2020

Language: Английский

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Variation in post-traumatic response: the role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 52(6), P. 727 - 736

Published: Feb. 13, 2017

Language: Английский

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Residual clinical damage after COVID-19: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 15(10), P. e0239570 - e0239570

Published: Oct. 14, 2020

Data on residual clinical damage after Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are lacking. The aims of this study were to investigate whether COVID-19 leaves behind dysfunction, and identify patients who might benefit from post-discharge monitoring. All aged ≥18 years admitted the Emergency Department (ED) for COVID-19, evaluated at follow-up between 7 April May, 2020, enrolled. Primary outcome was need follow-up, defined as presence least one among: respiratory rate (RR) >20 breaths/min, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) requiring therapeutic change, moderate very severe dyspnoea, malnutrition, or new-onset cognitive impairment, according validated scores. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) served secondary outcome. 185 included. Median [interquartile range] time hospital discharge 23 [20-29] days. 109 (58.9%) needed follow-up. At evaluation, 58 (31.3%) dyspnoeic, 41 (22.2%) tachypnoeic, 10 (5.4%) malnourished, 106 (57.3%) risk malnutrition. Forty (21.6%) had BP 47 (25.4%) impairment. PTSD observed in patients. regression tree analysis, ratio arterial oxygen partial fractional inspired (PaO2/FiO2) body mass index (BMI) ED presentation, age emerged independent predictors Patients with PaO2/FiO2 <324 BMI ≥33 Kg/m2 highest odds require Among hospitalised patients, ≥63 years, <63 plus non-invasive ventilation diabetes identified those probability independently predicted by female gender hospitalisation, latter being protective (odds ratio, OR, 4.03, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.76 9.47, p 0.0011; OR 0.37, CI 0.14 0.92, 0.033, respectively). physical psychological dysfunctions. Follow-up programmes should be implemented selected

Language: Английский

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Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak

Journal of Affective Disorders, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 283, P. 123 - 129

Published: Jan. 28, 2021

Language: Английский

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acute Posttraumatic Stress Disorder during the COVID-19 Outbreak

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 10, 2020

Abstract Background To exam the prevalence of and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Chinese people shortly after COVID-19 outbreak. Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted between 30 January 3 February, 2020. The included two self-administered questionnaires: one designed to require participants’ personal information (gender, age, education background), current location, recent epidemic area contact history, classification population, subjective sleep quality; other PTSD Checklist DSM-5 (PCL-5). Results A total 2091 participated this study. among public month outbreak 4.6%. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that gender ( p < 0.001), history = 0.047), population quality 0.001) could be regarded as predictor PTSD. Limitations First, majority participants study were general public, confirmed or suspected patients being a small part. Second, measurement might vulnerable selection bias because an self-report study, such recruitment. Third, estimated by rather than clinical interview. Conclusions results some showed during Therefore, comprehensive psychological intervention needs further implementation. Furthermore, females, who having those at high infection with poor deserve special attention.

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link?

British Journal of Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 176(21), P. 4119 - 4135

Published: Jan. 18, 2019

In this review, we describe the sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptom profiles, and disease outcome that are evident schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder. Women with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less impairment than men. By contrast, women disorder more affected The most likely candidates explain these gonadal hormones. This review details clinical evidence oestradiol progesterone dysregulated psychiatric disorders. Notably, existing data on oestradiol, a lesser extent, progesterone, suggest low levels of hormones may increase risk development worsen severity. We argue future studies require inclusive, considered analysis steroid intricacies interactions between them, methodological rigour applied, enhance our understanding roles LINKED ARTICLES: article is part themed section Importance Sex Differences Pharmacology Research. To view other articles visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.

Language: Английский

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Females have more complex patterns of childhood adversity: implications for mental, social, and emotional outcomes in adulthood

European journal of psychotraumatology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Jan. 10, 2020

: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been identified as an important public health problem with serious implications. Less well understood is how distinct configurations of adversities carry differential risks for mental health, emotional, and social outcomes later in life.

Language: Английский

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