CRISPR/Cas technologies for cancer drug discovery and treatment

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Advancing Breast Cancer Treatment: The Role of Immunotherapy and Cancer Vaccines in Overcoming Therapeutic Challenges

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 344 - 344

Published: March 24, 2025

Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant global health challenge due to its complex biology, which complicates both diagnosis and treatment. Immunotherapy vaccines have emerged as promising alternatives, harnessing the body’s immune system precisely target eliminate cells. However, several key factors influence selection effectiveness of these therapies, including BC subtype, tumor mutational burden (TMB), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), PD-L1 expression, HER2 resistance, microenvironment (TME). subtypes play critical role in shaping treatment responses. Triple-negative breast (TNBC) exhibits highest sensitivity immunotherapy, while HER2-positive hormone receptor-positive (HR+) often require combination strategies for optimal outcomes. High TMB enhances responses by generating neoantigens, making tumors more susceptible checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); whereas, low may indicate resistance. Similarly, elevated TIL levels are associated with better immunotherapy efficacy, expression serves predictor inhibitor success. Meanwhile, resistance an immunosuppressive TME contribute evasion, highlighting need multi-faceted approaches. Current immunotherapies encompass range targeted treatments. HER2-directed such trastuzumab pertuzumab, block dimerization enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), small-molecule inhibitors, like lapatinib tucatinib, suppress signaling curb growth. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) improve targeting coupling monoclonal antibodies cytotoxic agents, minimizing off-target effects. ICIs, pembrolizumab, restore T-cell function, CAR-macrophage (CAR-M) therapy leverages macrophages reshape overcome While particularly TNBC, has demonstrated promise eliciting durable responses, efficacy varies across subtypes. Challenges immune-related adverse events, mechanisms, high costs, delayed remain barriers widespread vaccines—including protein-based, whole-cell, mRNA, dendritic cell, epitope-based vaccines—aim stimulate tumor-specific immunity. Though clinical success been limited, ongoing research is refining vaccine formulations, integrating identifying biomarkers improved patient stratification. Future advancements will depend on optimizing through biomarker-driven approaches, addressing heterogeneity, developing innovative therapies By leveraging strategies, researchers aim ultimately

Language: Английский

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Immune checkpoints and ncRNAs: pioneering immunotherapy approaches for hematological malignancies

Cancer Cell International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Dec. 19, 2024

Language: Английский

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The application of CRISPR/Cas9–based genome-wide screening to disease research

Molecular and Cellular Probes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 79, P. 102004 - 102004

Published: Dec. 21, 2024

Language: Английский

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