ACG Clinical Guideline: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 115(2), P. 165 - 178

Published: Jan. 8, 2020

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is defined as the presence of excessive numbers bacteria in small bowel, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. This guideline statement evaluates criteria for diagnosis, defines optimal methods diagnostic testing, and summarizes treatment options overgrowth. provides an evidence-based evaluation literature through Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development, Evaluation (GRADE) process. In instances where available evidence was not appropriate a formal GRADE recommendation, key concepts were developed using expert consensus.

Language: Английский

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Intestinal microbiota is altered in patients with colon cancer and modified by probiotic intervention

BMJ Open Gastroenterology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 4(1), P. e000145 - e000145

Published: July 1, 2017

The colonic microbiota is altered in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the composition of colon compared controls devoid neoplastic or inflammatory disease and potential to modify probiotics.Biopsy samples were obtained from normal mucosa tumour during colonoscopy 15 cancer. Subsequent patient-matched taken at surgery nearby cancer, eight whom had received two daily tablets totalling 1.4×1010 CFUs Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04 7×109 Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Faecal after prior starting intervention surgery. In addition, 21 mucosal biopsies non-cancer followed by later faecal samples. was assessed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.The characterised increased microbial diversity enrichment several taxa including Fusobacterium, Selenomonas Peptostreptococcus control microbiota. Patients that probiotics an abundance butyrate-producing bacteria, especially Faecalibacterium Clostridiales spp tumour, non-tumour CRC-associated genera such as Fusobacterium tended be reduced probiotics.Patients harbour a distinct signature tissue mucosa, which probiotic intervention. Our results show promise for therapeutic benefits CRC manipulation microbiota.NCT03072641; Results.

Language: Английский

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Comparative genomics highlights the unique biology of Methanomassiliicoccales, a Thermoplasmatales-related seventh order of methanogenic archaea that encodes pyrrolysine

BMC Genomics, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Aug. 13, 2014

A seventh order of methanogens, the Methanomassiliicoccales, has been identified in diverse anaerobic environments including gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) humans and other animals may contribute significantly to methane emission global warming. Methanomassiliicoccales are phylogenetically distant from all orders methanogens belong a large evolutionary branch composed by lineages non-methanogenic archaea such as Thermoplasmatales, Deep Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota-2 (DHVE-2, Aciduliprofundum boonei) Marine Group-II (MG-II). To better understand this new its relationship archaea, we manually curated extensively compared genome sequences three representatives derived human GIT microbiota, “Candidatus Methanomethylophilus alvus", Methanomassiliicoccus intestinalis” luminyensis. Comparative analyses revealed atypical features, scattering ribosomal RNA genes absence eukaryotic-like histone gene otherwise present most Euryarchaeota genomes. Previously Thermoplasmatales genomes, these features presently extended several completely sequenced genomes branch, MG-II DHVE2. The share unique composition involved energy conservation suggesting an original combination two main processes previously described methanogens. They also display substantial differences with each other, their codon usage, nature origin CRISPRs systems possibly particular environmental adaptations. M. luminyensis encodes thrive soil sediment conditions larger distribution than GIT. Conversely, “Ca. alvus” do not could be more restricted specialized on Prediction amber either termination signal translation or coding for pyrrolysine contrasted patterns among suggests different handling Pyl-encoding capacity. This study represents first insights into genomic organization metabolic traits It history analyzed provides information conserved characteristics overall Thermoplasmata.

Language: Английский

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The Gut Microbiota of Healthy Chilean Subjects Reveals a High Abundance of the Phylum Verrucomicrobia

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: June 30, 2017

The gut microbiota is currently recognized as an important factor regulating the homeostasis of gastrointestinal tract and influencing energetic metabolism host well its immune central nervous systems. Determining composition healthy subjects therefore necessary to establish a baseline allowing detection alterations in pathologic conditions. Accordingly, aim this study was characterize Chilean using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal samples were collected from 41 young, asymptomatic, normal weight volunteers (age: 25 ± 4 years; ♀:48.8%; BMI: 22.5 1.6 kg/m2) with low levels plasma (IL6 hsCRP) colonic (fecal calprotectin) inflammatory markers. V3-V4 region bacterial DNA amplified sequenced MiSeq Illumina system. 109,180 13,148 sequences/sample obtained, α-diversity 3.86 0.37. dominant phyla Firmicutes (43.6 9.2%) Bacteroidetes (41.6 13.1%), followed by Verrucomicrobia (8.5 10.4%), Proteobacteria (2.8 4.8%), Actinobacteria (1.8 3.9%) Euryarchaeota (1.4 2.7%). core representing genera present all included Bacteroides, Prevotella, Parabacteroides (phylum Bacteroidetes), Phascolarctobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospira, Oscillospira, Blautia, Dorea, Roseburia, Coprococcus, Clostridium, Streptococcus Firmicutes), Akkermansia Verrucomicrobia), Collinsella Actinobacteria). Butyrate-producing including Oscillospira detected. family Methanobacteriaceae reported 83% Desulfovibrio, most representative sulfate-reducing genus, 76%. individuals significantly differed those Papua New Guinea Matses ethnic group closer that Argentinians sub-populations United States. Interestingly, stands out for richness Verrucomicrobia; mucus-degrading bacterium muciniphila only identified member phylum. This finding considering microorganism has been recently proposed hallmark due anti-inflammatory immunostimulant properties ability improve barrier function, insulin sensitivity endotoxinemia. These results constitute will facilitate characterization dysbiosis main diseases affecting population.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota as a source of novel antimicrobials

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 10(1), P. 1 - 21

Published: March 27, 2018

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya and viruses coexist in the human gut, this coexistence is functionally balanced by symbiotic or antagonistic relationships. Antagonism often characterized production of antimicrobials against other organisms occupying same environmental niche. Indeed, close co-evolution gut has led to development specialized antimicrobials, which attracting increased attention as these may serve novel alternatives antibiotics thereby help address global problem antimicrobial resistance. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract especially suitable for finding due vast array microbes that inhabit it, a considerable number producers both wide narrow spectrum have been described. In review, we summarize some compounds are produced bacteria isolated from environment, with special focus on bacteriocins. We also evaluate potential therapeutic application maintain homeostasis biocontrol pathogenic bacteria.

Language: Английский

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Role of the Gut Microbiome in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus

Nutrition in Clinical Practice, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 30(6), P. 787 - 797

Published: Oct. 9, 2015

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity represent two of the biggest global health challenges this century are associated with significant comorbidities healthcare costs. Although multiple factors undoubtedly contribute to development progression DM obesity, research over last decade has demonstrated that microbes colonize human gut may play key contributory roles. Gut now known codevelop host strongly influenced by mode birth early diet nutrition, as well environmental other including antibiotic exposure. through roles in polysaccharide breakdown, nutrient absorption, inflammatory responses, permeability, bile acid modification. Numerous studies have suggested disruptions relative proportions microbial populations weight gain insulin resistance, alterations Gammaproteobacteria Verrucomicrobia ratios Firmicutes Bacteroidetes possible butyrate-producing bacteria such Faecalibacterium prausnitzii DM. In addition, it been shown methanogenic Archaea altered metabolism host. However, majority performed stool or colonic samples not be representative metabolically active small intestine. Studies predominantly rodent models beginning elucidate mechanisms which but much remains learned before we can begin approach targeted treatments.

Language: Английский

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Archaea Are Interactive Components of Complex Microbiomes

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 70 - 85

Published: Aug. 19, 2017

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota beyond Bacteria—Mycobiome, Virome, Archaeome, and Eukaryotic Parasites in IBD

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 2668 - 2668

Published: April 11, 2020

The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions as well numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the also includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, interaction one another or host immune system have not been widely explored. This review covers recent findings on communities gastrointestinal involvement health disease, particular focus pathophysiology inflammatory bowel disease.

Language: Английский

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Comprehensive skin microbiome analysis reveals the uniqueness of human skin and evidence for phylosymbiosis within the class Mammalia

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 115(25)

Published: June 5, 2018

Skin is the largest organ of body and represents primary physical barrier between mammals their external environment, yet factors that govern skin microbial community composition among are poorly understood. The objective this research was to generate a microbiota baseline for members class Mammalia, testing effects host species, geographic location, region, biological sex. from back, torso, inner thighs 177 nonhuman sampled, representing individuals 38 species 10 mammalian orders. Animals were sampled farms, zoos, households, wild. DNA extracts all swabs amplified by PCR sequenced, targeting V3-V4 regions bacterial archaeal 16S rRNA genes. Previously published microbiome data 20 human participants, sequenced using an identical protocol mammals, included make comprehensive analysis. Human communities distinct significantly less diverse than other factor most strongly associated with samples whether human. Within samples, taxonomic order significant influencing microbiota, followed location habitat. By comparing congruence phylogeny dendrograms, we observed Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Perissodactyla (odd-toed had congruence, providing evidence phylosymbiosis hosts.

Language: Английский

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First Insights into the Diverse Human Archaeome: Specific Detection of Archaea in the Gastrointestinal Tract, Lung, and Nose and on Skin

mBio, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8(6)

Published: Nov. 15, 2017

Human-associated archaea remain understudied in the field of microbiome research, although particular methanogenic were found to be regular commensals human gut, where they represent keystone species metabolic processes. Knowledge on abundance and diversity human-associated is extremely limited, little known about their function(s), overall role health, or association with parts body other than gastrointestinal tract oral cavity. Currently, methodological issues impede full assessment archaeome, as bacteria-targeting protocols are unsuitable for characterization spectrum Archaea. The goal this study was establish conservative based specifically archaea-targeting, PCR-based methods retrieve first insights into archaeomes tract, lung, nose, skin. Detection Archaea highly dependent primer selection sequence processing pipeline used. Our results enabled us a novel picture we time Methanobacterium Woesearchaeota (DPANN superphylum) associated respectively. Similar bacteria, archaeal communities group biogeographically, forming (i) thaumarchaeal skin landscape, (ii) (methano)euryarchaeal (iii) mixed skin-gastrointestinal landscape (iv) woesearchaeal lung landscape. On basis used, able detect unexpectedly high different parts.

Language: Английский

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