Overview of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) and key climate response of CMIP6 DECK, historical, and scenario simulations

Geoscientific model development, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 13(12), P. 6165 - 6200

Published: Dec. 4, 2020

The second version of the coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is presented and evaluated. NorESM2 based on Community (CESM2) shares with CESM2 computer code infrastructure many system model components. However, employs entirely different ocean biogeochemistry models. atmosphere component (CAM-Nor) includes a module for aerosol physics chemistry, including interactions cloud radiation; additionally, CAM-Nor improvements in formulation local dry moist energy conservation, global angular momentum computations deep convection air–sea fluxes. surface components have minor changes albedo calculations to land sea-ice We present results from simulations that were carried out sixth phase Coupled Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Two versions are used: one lower (∼ 2∘) atmosphere–land resolution medium 1∘) resolution. stability pre-industrial climate sensitivity abrupt gradual quadrupling CO2 assessed, along ability simulate historical under CMIP6 forcings. Compared observations reanalyses, represents an improvement over previous NorESM most aspects. appears less sensitive greenhouse gas forcing than its predecessors, estimated equilibrium 2.5 K both resolutions 150-year time frame; however, this estimate increases window at equilibration much higher. also consider response future scenarios as defined by selected Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) Scenario CMIP6. Under four (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5), warming period 2090–2099 compared 1850–1879 reaches 1.3, 2.2, 3.0, 3.9 NorESM2-LM, 2.1, 3.1, NorESM-MM, robustly similar resolutions. NorESM2-LM shows rather satisfactory evolution recent area. In ice-free Arctic Ocean only avoided SSP1-2.6 scenario.

Language: Английский

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Climate-driven chemistry and aerosol feedbacks in CMIP6 Earth system models

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 1105 - 1126

Published: Jan. 27, 2021

Abstract. Feedbacks play a fundamental role in determining the magnitude of response climate system to external forcing, such as from anthropogenic emissions. The latest generation Earth models includes aerosol and chemistry components that interact with each other biosphere. These interactions introduce complex web feedbacks is important understand quantify. This paper addresses multiple pathways for chemical models. focus on changes natural emissions (dust, sea salt, dimethyl sulfide, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) lightning) reaction rates methane ozone chemistry. feedback terms are then given by sensitivity pathway change multiplied radiative effect change. We find overall through aerosols negative sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) due increased forcing warmer surface temperatures following quadrupling CO2 concentrations. principally salt BVOCs which sensitive cause strong forcings. Increased loss also contributes feedback. However, lifetime expected increase BVOCs. wetlands would offset some feedbacks. CMIP6 experimental design did not allow or emission affect climate, so we found robust contribution interactive

Language: Английский

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Tropical and Boreal Forest – Atmosphere Interactions: A Review

Tellus B, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 74(1), P. 24 - 24

Published: March 25, 2022

This review presents how the boreal and tropical forests affect atmosphere, its chemical composition, function, further that affects climate and, in return, ecosystems through feedback processes. Observations from key tower sites standing out due to their long-term comprehensive observations: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory Central Amazonia, Zotino Siberia, Station Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations at Hyytiäla Finland. is complemented by short-term observations networks large experiments. discusses atmospheric chemistry observations, aerosol formation processing, physiochemical aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei properties finds surprising similarities important differences two ecosystems. concentrations are similar, particularly concerning main components, both dominated an organic fraction, while ecosystem has generally higher of inorganics, influence long-range transported air pollution. emissions biogenic volatile compounds isoprene monoterpene regions, respectively, being precursors fraction. modeling studies show change deforestation such carbon hydrological cycles Amazonia changing neutrality precipitation downwind. In Africa, so far maintaining sink. It urgent better understand interaction between these major ecosystems, climate, which calls for more observation sites, providing data on water, carbon, other biogeochemical cycles. essential finding a sustainable balance forest preservation reforestation versus potential increase food production biofuels, critical services global stability. Reducing warming vital forests.

Language: Английский

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Vegetation–climate feedbacks across scales

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Abstract Vegetation is often viewed as a consequence of long‐term climate conditions. However, vegetation itself plays fundamental role in shaping Earth's by regulating the energy, water, and biogeochemical cycles across terrestrial landscapes. It exerts influence consuming water resources through transpiration interception, lowering atmospheric CO 2 concentration, altering surface roughness, controlling net radiation its partitioning into sensible latent heat fluxes. This propagates atmosphere, from microclimate scales to entire boundary layer, subsequently impacting large‐scale circulation global transport moisture. Understanding feedbacks between atmosphere multiple crucial for predicting land use cover changes, accurately representing these processes models. review discusses biophysical mechanisms which modulates spatial temporal scales. Particularly, we evaluate on patterns, precipitation, temperature, considering both trends extreme events, such droughts heatwaves. Our goal highlight state science recent studies that may help advance our collective understanding they play climate.

Language: Английский

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BVOC–aerosol–climate feedbacks investigated using NorESM

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 19(7), P. 4763 - 4782

Published: April 9, 2019

Abstract. Both higher temperatures and increased CO2 concentrations are (separately) expected to increase the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). This has been proposed initiate negative climate feedback mechanisms through formation secondary aerosol (SOA). More SOA can make clouds more reflective, which provide a cooling. Furthermore, in also lead scattering, resulting an diffuse radiation. could boost gross primary production (GPP) further BVOC emissions. In this study, we have used Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) investigate both these mechanisms. Three sets experiments were set up quantify with respect (1) doubling CO2, (2) increasing corresponding (3) combined effect warmer climate. For each experiments, ran two simulations, identical setups, except for One simulation was run interactive emissions, allowing respond changes and/or other simulation, fixed at present-day conditions, essentially turning off. The comparison simulations enables us step along as well estimate their overall relevance future We find that significant impact on annual global 63 % when is turned compared off, largest response changed. levels mass (max 53 %) result particles new particle larger condensation. cloud properties −0.43 W m−2 stronger net forcing. becomes about 50 model reduced anthropogenic indicating will become even important decrease precursor do not GPP due scattering scale. Instead, fate seems be controlled by effects clouds. However, associated found contribute potentially enhanced direct forcing (−0.06 m−2). total −0.49 m−2, it potential offset 13 CO2.

Language: Английский

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The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM2 – Evaluation of theCMIP6 DECK and historical simulations

Published: Feb. 10, 2020

Abstract. The second version of the fully coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is presented and evaluated. NorESM2 based on Community (CESM2), but has entirely different ocean biogeochemistry models; a new module for aerosols in atmosphere model along with aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions changes related to moist energy formulation, deep convection scheme angular momentum conservation; modified albedo air-sea turbulent flux calculations; minor land sea ice models. We show results from low (∼2°) medium (∼1°) atmosphere-land resolution versions that have both been used carry out simulations sixth phase Coupled Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). stability pre-industrial climate sensitivity abrupt gradual quadrupling CO2 assessed, ability simulate historical under CMIP6 forcings. As compared observations reanalyses, represents an improvement over previous NorESM most aspects. less sensitive greenhouse gas forcing than its predecessors, equilibrium 2.5 K resolutions 150 year frame. also consider response future scenarios as defined by selected shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) Scenario CMIP6. Under four SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5, warming period 2090–2099 1850–1879 reaches 1.3, 2.2, 3.0, 3.9 NorESM2-LM, 2.1, 3.1, NorESM–MM, robustly similar resolutions. NorESM2-LM shows rather satisfactorily evolution recent area. In free Arctic Ocean only avoided SSP1-2.6 scenario.

Language: Английский

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The projected future degradation in air quality is caused by more abundant natural aerosols in a warmer world

Communications Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(1)

Published: Feb. 2, 2023

Abstract Previous studies suggest that greenhouse gas-induced warming can lead to increased fine particulate matter concentrations and degraded air quality. However, significant uncertainties remain regarding the sign magnitude of response underlying mechanisms. Here, we show thirteen models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 all project an increase in global average rising carbon dioxide concentrations, but range across is wide. The two main contributors this are abundance dust secondary organic aerosols via intensified West African monsoon enhanced emissions biogenic volatile compounds, respectively. Much inter-model spread related different treatment compounds. Our results highlight importance natural degrading quality under current warming, while also emphasizing improved understanding compounds due climate change essential for numerically assessing future

Language: Английский

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Biodiversity and Climate Extremes: Known Interactions and Research Gaps

Earth s Future, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(6)

Published: June 1, 2024

Abstract Climate extremes are on the rise. Impacts of extreme climate and weather events ecosystem services ultimately human well‐being can be partially attenuated by organismic, structural, functional diversity affected land surface. However, ongoing transformation terrestrial ecosystems through intensified exploitation management may put this buffering capacity at risk. Here, we summarize evidence that reductions in biodiversity destabilize functioning facing extremes. We then explore if impaired could, turn, exacerbate argue only a comprehensive approach, incorporating both ecological hydrometeorological perspectives, enables us to understand predict entire feedback system between altered This ambition, however, requires reformulation current research priorities emphasize bidirectional effects link ecology atmospheric processes.

Language: Английский

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Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 7, 2024

Abstract Natural aerosol feedbacks are expected to become more important in the future, as anthropogenic emissions decrease due air quality policy. One such feedback is initiated by increase biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) with higher temperatures, leading secondary (SOA) production and a cooling of surface via impacts on cloud radiative properties. Motivated considerable spread strength Earth System Models (ESMs), we here use two long-term observational datasets from boreal tropical forests, together satellite data, for process-based evaluation BVOC-aerosol-cloud four ESMs. The model shows that weakest modelled estimates can likely be excluded, but highlights compensating errors making it difficult draw conclusions strongest estimates. Overall, method evaluating along process chains promise pin-pointing sources uncertainty constraining feedbacks.

Language: Английский

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A scientometric analysis and review of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: Research hotspots, new frontiers, and environmental implications

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 149, P. 111317 - 111317

Published: June 23, 2021

Language: Английский

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