Analysis of the global atmospheric background sulfur budget in a multi-model framework

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 5513 - 5548

Published: May 14, 2024

Abstract. A growing number of general circulation models are adapting interactive sulfur and aerosol schemes to improve the representation relevant physical chemical processes associated feedbacks. They motivated by investigations climate response major volcanic eruptions potential solar geoengineering scenarios. However, uncertainties in these not well constrained. Stratospheric sulfate is modulated emissions sulfur-containing species anthropogenic natural origin, including activity. While effects have been studied framework global model intercomparisons, background conditions cycle addressed such a way. Here, we fill this gap analyzing distribution main nine atmospheric for volcanically quiescent period. We use observational data evaluate results. Overall, agree that three dominant terms burdens (sulfate aerosol, OCS, SO2) make up about 98 % stratospheric 95 tropospheric sulfur. vary considerably partitioning between species. Models emission SO2 strongly affects burden northern hemispheric troposphere, while its importance very uncertain other regions, where much lower. Sulfate deposited all models, but values deviate factor 2. Additionally, wet dry deposition fluxes highly dependent. Inter-model variability low tropics increases towards poles. Differences largest dynamically active extratropical region could be attributed circulation. The differences budget among arise from both dynamical processes, whose interplay complicates bias attribution. Several problematic points identified individual related specifics chemistry schemes, resolution, cross-tropopause transport extratropics. Further intercomparison research needed with focus on clarification reasons biases, given topic injection studies.

Language: Английский

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Characterization of stratospheric particle size distribution uncertainties using SAGE II and SAGE III/ISS extinction spectra

Atmospheric measurement techniques, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(7), P. 2025 - 2054

Published: April 9, 2024

Abstract. A new algorithm was developed to infer particle size distribution parameters from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) SAGE III on International Space Station III/ISS) extinction spectra using a lookup table (LUT) approach. Here, SAGE-based ratios were matched LUT values, and, these matches, weighted statistics calculated median values higher-moment as well quantify uncertainty in estimates. This carried out by solving for both single-mode bimodal lognormal distributions. The work presented herein falls under two general headings: (1) theoretical study determine accuracy of this methodology, (2) solution applied III/ISS records with brief case analysis 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption. methodology demonstrated be ≈ 25 % accurate mode radius has minor dependence composition. While solutions obtained algorithm, we provide conclusive demonstration how why estimates are inherently unstable alone. Finally, aerosol plume evolved regard transport over 18 months after (PSD) estimates, parameters, uncertainties products within Level 2 (L2) products, currently available download, will merged into main release subsequent L2 release.

Language: Английский

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The January 2022 Hunga eruption cooled the southern hemisphere in 2022 and 2023

Communications Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: March 27, 2025

The 2022 Hunga volcanic eruption injected a significant quantity of water vapor into the stratosphere while releasing only limited sulfur dioxide. It has been proposed that this excess could have contributed to global warming, potentially pushing temperatures beyond 1.5 °C threshold Paris Climate Accord. However, given cooling effects sulfate aerosols and contrasting impacts ozone loss (cooling) versus gain (warming), assessing eruption's net radiative effect is essential. Here, we quantify Hunga-induced perturbations in stratospheric vapor, aerosols, using satellite observations transfer simulations. Our analysis shows these components induce clear-sky instantaneous energy losses at both top atmosphere near tropopause. In 2022, Southern Hemisphere experienced forcing -0.55 ± 0.05 W m⁻² -0.52 By 2023, values decreased -0.26 0.04 -0.25 m⁻², respectively. Employing two-layer balance model, estimate resulted about -0.10 0.02 K by end 2023. Thus, conclude cooled rather than warmed during period.

Language: Английский

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Microphysical Simulation of the 2022 Hunga Volcano Eruption Using a Sectional Aerosol Model

Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(11)

Published: June 11, 2024

Abstract Approximately 150 Tg of water vapor and 0.42 sulfur dioxide were injected directly into the stratosphere by January 2022 Hunga volcanic eruption, which represents largest injection in satellite era. A comparison numerical simulations to balloon‐borne observations water‐rich plume suggests that particle coagulation contributed aerosol's effective dry radius increase from 0.2 μm February around 0.4 March. Our model stratospheric aerosol is persistently perturbed for years moderate large‐magnitude events, whereas extreme wildfire events show limited impact on background size. analysis further both optical efficiency aerosols' lifetime explain Hunga's unusually large depth per unit SO 2 injection, as compared with Pinatubo eruption.

Language: Английский

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Spatiotemporal variations of stratospheric aerosol size between 2002 and 2005 from measurements with SAGE III/M3M

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 3717 - 3736

Published: March 27, 2025

Abstract. Stratospheric aerosol size distribution parameters are derived from the multiple-wavelength extinction retrievals of SAGE III/M3M instrument (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on Russian satellite Meteor-3M) analyzed for their evolution between 2002 2005. The broad wavelength spectrum measurements enables us to derive all three within an assumed monomodal lognormal distribution. 2002–2005 stratospheric layer was mostly at close background conditions but included moderate-magnitude tropical volcanic eruptions (Ruang, Reventador, Manam). measured only middle high latitudes, particle (PSD) indicate a reduction in increase number concentration after eruptions. In addition this likely effect PSD, influence seasonal polar winter condensation events including meteoric smoke particles is possible, especially due long-lasting low temperatures during northern winters 2002/2003 2004/2005. During same winters, clouds (PSCs) were observed by instrument. A comparison dataset with balloon-borne situ Kiruna, Sweden, shows generally good agreement, there systematic differences below roughly 15 km altitude. Finally, necessary assumption PSD shape derivation remote sensing instruments shown discussed.

Language: Английский

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Sulfate aerosol properties derived from combining coincident ACE-FTS and SAGE III/ISS measurements

Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 312, P. 108815 - 108815

Published: Oct. 23, 2023

Language: Английский

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The 2019 Raikoke eruption as a testbed used by the Volcano Response group for rapid assessment of volcanic atmospheric impacts

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(10), P. 5765 - 5782

Published: May 21, 2024

Abstract. ​​​​​​​The 21 June 2019 Raikoke eruption (48° N, 153° E) generated one of the largest amounts sulfur emission to stratosphere since 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Satellite measurements indicate a consensus best estimate 1.5 Tg for dioxide (SO2) injected at an altitude around 14–15 km. The peak Northern Hemisphere (NH) mean 525 nm stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) increased 0.025, factor 3 higher than background levels. Volcano Response (VolRes) initiative provided platform community share information about this which significantly enhanced coordination efforts in days after A multi-platform satellite observation subgroup formed prepare initial report present parameters including SO2 emissions and their vertical distribution modeling community. It allowed us make first what would be SAOD 1 week using simple volcanic model. In retrospective analysis, we show that revised injection profiles yield mass. This highlights difficulties accurately representing moderate explosive eruptions lowermost due limited sensitivity current sensors (±2 km accuracy) low horizontal resolution lidar observations. We also lifetime initially assumed model was overestimated by 66 %, pointing challenges models capture how life cycle gases aerosols depends on magnitude, latitude, height. Using profile, results NH monthly 0.024, excellent agreement with observations, associated global radiative forcing −0.17 W m−2 resulting annual surface temperature anomaly −0.028 K. Given relatively small magnitude forcing, it is unlikely response can dissociated from variability.

Language: Английский

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An empirical characterization of the aerosol Ångström exponent interpolation bias using SAGE III/ISS data

Atmospheric measurement techniques, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(12), P. 3669 - 3678

Published: June 18, 2024

Abstract. This work uses multispectral measurements of vertically resolved aerosol extinction coefficients from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III on International Space Station (ISS) to demonstrate how use Ångström exponent for interpolation data between two different wavelengths creates a bias. An empirical relationship is derived magnitude this bias at several SAGE wavelengths. can thus be used as correction factor other studies, such multi-instrument intercomparisons or merging, that wish convert one wavelength another using applicable all stratospheric non-cloud except highly aged particles are evaporating altitudes above Junge layer.

Language: Английский

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The optical properties of stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation of the Hunga volcano eruption of January 15th, 2022

Published: July 3, 2024

Abstract. The Hunga volcano violently erupted on January 15th, 2022, and produced the largest stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation of last 30 years. One notable effect eruption was significant modification size distribution (SD) with respect to background conditions other recent moderate eruptions, larger mean particles smaller SD spread for Hunga. Starting from satellite-based retrievals, assumption pure sulphate layers, in this work we calculate optical properties both Hunga-perturbed scenarios using a Mie code. We found that intensive (i.e., single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, extinction per unit mass broad-band average Ångström exponent) were not significantly perturbed by eruption, conditions. calculated exponent consistent multi-instrument satellite observations same parameter. Thus, basic impact an increase (or depth), without any shortwave longwave relative absorption, angular spectral trend extinction, background. This highlights marked difference those like Pinatubo 1991 El Chichon 1982. With simplified radiative forcing estimations, show likely 3–10 times more effective producing net cooling climate system due scattering. As are seldom directly measured, e.g. satellite, our calculations can support estimation effects or offline models.

Language: Английский

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Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite observations of aerosols and SO2 emissions from the 2024 Ruang volcanic eruption

Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 109333 - 109333

Published: Dec. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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