Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Nov. 23, 2021
Abstract
The
virtual
water
(VW)
trade
associated
to
food
is
composed
by
the
quantity
of
utilized
for
production
crops
exchanged
on
global
market.
In
assessing
a
country’s
abundance
or
scarcity
when
entering
international
VW
trade,
scholars
consider
only
physical
availability,
neglecting
economic
scarcity,
which
indicates
situations
in
socio-economic
obstacles
impede
productive
use
water.
We
weight
primary
with
newly
proposed
composite
index
(CWSI)
that
combines
and
scarcity.
39%
volumes
exported
from
countries
higher
CWSI
than
one
destination
country.
Such
unfair
routes
occur
both
low-
high-income
among
middle-income
themselves.
High-income
have
predominant
role
import
CWSI-weighted
VW,
while
dominate
largest
exporters.
For
many
them
dominates
over
application
elicits
also
status
change
net
exporter
importer
some
wealthy
viceversa
countries.
allows
quantify
what
extent
exchanges
flow
along
environmentally
economically
routes,
it
can
inform
design
compensation
policies.
Abstract.
In
the
2022
summer,
West-Central
Europe
and
several
other
northern-hemisphere
mid-latitude
regions
experienced
substantial
soil
moisture
deficits
in
wake
of
precipitation
shortages
elevated
temperatures.
Much
has
not
witnessed
a
more
severe
drought
since
at
least
mid-20th
century,
raising
question
whether
this
is
manifestation
our
warming
climate.
Here,
we
employ
well-established
statistical
approach
to
attribute
low
summer
human-induced
climate
change,
using
observation-driven
estimates
models.
We
find
that
Europe,
June–August
root-zone
such
as
expected
occur
once
20
years
present
climate,
but
would
have
occurred
only
about
per
century
during
pre-industrial
times.
The
entire
northern
extratropics
show
an
even
stronger
global
imprint
with
20-fold
probability
increase
or
higher,
note
underlying
uncertainty
large.
Reasons
are
manifold,
include
lack
direct
observations
required
spatiotemporal
scales,
limitations
remotely
sensed
estimates,
resulting
need
simulate
land
surface
models
driven
by
meteorological
data.
Nevertheless,
observation-based
products
indicate
long-term
declining
for
both
regions,
tendency
likely
fueled
regional
warming,
while
no
clear
trends
emerge
precipitation.
Finally,
model
analysis
suggests
2
°C
world,
2022-like
conditions
become
twice
compared
today,
take
place
nearly
every
year
across
extratropics.
Land,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
12(7), P. 1267 - 1267
Published: June 21, 2023
Understanding
spatiotemporal
shifts
in
vegetation
and
their
climatic
anthropogenic
regulatory
factors
can
offer
a
crucial
theoretical
basis
for
environmental
conservation
restoration.
In
this
article,
the
normalized
difference
index
(NDVI)
of
Miaoling
area
from
2000
to
2020
is
studied
using
trend
analysis
Mann–Kendall
mutation
test
(MK
test)
review
vegetation’s
dynamic
changes.
Our
study
uses
Hurst
index,
partial
correlation
analysis,
geographic
detector
investigate
contributions
climate
change
human
activities
regional
changes
drivers.
We
found
that
Miaoling’s
annual
average
NDVI
was
between
0.66
0.83
2000–2020,
with
mean
0.766.
The
overall
slow
upward
(0.0009/year),
53.82%
region
continued
grow
gradually
increased
west
east
spatial
domain,
among
which
karst
distribution
its
growth
rate
were
higher
than
those
non-karst
sites.
Based
on
correlations
NDVI,
precipitation
seasonality
(coefficient
variation,
CV)
had
strongest
(positive
correlation)
while
vapor
pressure
deficit
(VPD)
negative
NDVI.
interaction,
played
dominant
role
influence
Miaoling.
night
light
most
explanatory
power
(q
=
0.422),
interaction
other
dominated
power.
This
has
academic
practical
importance
management,
protection,
sustainable
development
basins.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Nov. 23, 2021
Abstract
The
virtual
water
(VW)
trade
associated
to
food
is
composed
by
the
quantity
of
utilized
for
production
crops
exchanged
on
global
market.
In
assessing
a
country’s
abundance
or
scarcity
when
entering
international
VW
trade,
scholars
consider
only
physical
availability,
neglecting
economic
scarcity,
which
indicates
situations
in
socio-economic
obstacles
impede
productive
use
water.
We
weight
primary
with
newly
proposed
composite
index
(CWSI)
that
combines
and
scarcity.
39%
volumes
exported
from
countries
higher
CWSI
than
one
destination
country.
Such
unfair
routes
occur
both
low-
high-income
among
middle-income
themselves.
High-income
have
predominant
role
import
CWSI-weighted
VW,
while
dominate
largest
exporters.
For
many
them
dominates
over
application
elicits
also
status
change
net
exporter
importer
some
wealthy
viceversa
countries.
allows
quantify
what
extent
exchanges
flow
along
environmentally
economically
routes,
it
can
inform
design
compensation
policies.
