Environmental Factors Influencing COVID-19 Incidence and Severity

Annual Review of Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 43(1), P. 271 - 291

Published: Jan. 4, 2022

Emerging evidence supports a link between environmental factors—including air pollution and chemical exposures, climate, the built environment—and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility severity. Climate, pollution, environment have long been recognized to influence viral infections, studies established similar associations with COVID-19 outcomes. More limited links exposures COVID-19. Environmental factors were found through four major interlinking mechanisms: increased risk of preexisting conditions associated severity; immune system impairment; survival transport; behaviors that increase exposure. Both data methodologic issues complicate investigation these relationships, including reliance on coarse surveillance data; gaps in mechanistic studies; predominance ecological designs. We evaluate strength for environment–COVID-19 relationships discuss actions might simultaneously address pandemic, determinants health, health disparities.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity in US Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas, March 2020 to February 2022

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(5), P. e2311098 - e2311098

Published: May 2, 2023

Importance Prior research has established that Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black residents in the US experienced substantially higher COVID-19 mortality rates 2020 than White owing to structural racism. In 2021, these disparities decreased. Objective To assess what extent national decreases racial ethnic between initial pandemic wave subsequent Omicron reflect reductions vs other factors, such as pandemic’s changing geography. Design, Setting, Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from Centers for Disease Control Prevention deaths March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2022, among adults aged 25 years older residing US. Deaths were examined by race ethnicity across metropolitan nonmetropolitan areas, decrease waves decomposed. Data analyzed June 2021 2023. Exposures Metropolitan areas ethnicity. Main Outcomes Measures Age-standardized death rates. Results There certificates 977 018 (mean [SD] age, 73.6 [14.6] years; 435 943 female [44.6%]; 156 948 [16.1%], 140 513 [14.4%], 629 578 [64.4%]) included a mention of COVID-19. The proportion increased 5944 110 526 (5.4%) during peak 40 360 172 515 (23.4%) Delta wave; 45 183 210 554 (21.5%) wave. disparity age-standardized per 100 000 person-years compared with decreased 339 wave, or 293 deaths. After standardizing age differences residence, increases explained 120 deaths/100 (40.7%); 58 (19.6%) shifts where disproportionate share reside. remaining 116 (39.6%) adults. Conclusions Relevance found most changes geographic spread pandemic. These findings suggest despite media reports decline disparities, there is continued need prioritize health equity response.

Language: Английский

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Racial discrimination and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Global Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(8), P. e009227 - e009227

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

Racial discrimination has been consistently linked to various health outcomes and disparities, including studies associating racial with patterns of disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes. To expand our knowledge, this systematic review meta-analysis assesses all available evidence on the association between self-reported Eight electronic databases were searched without language or time restrictions, through January 2022. Data extracted using a pre-piloted extraction tool. Quality assessment was conducted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), across included Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Random effects meta-analyses performed preterm birth small for gestational age. Heterogenicity assessed Cochran's χ2 test I2 statistic. Of 13 597 retrieved records, 24 articles included. Studies cohort, case-control cross-sectional designs predominantly USA (n=20). Across outcomes, significant positive associations (between experiencing an event) non-significant (trending towards positive) reported, no reporting negative associations. The overall pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.40 (95% CI 1.17 1.68; studies) age it 1.23 0.76 1.99; 3 studies). When excluding low-quality studies, OR attenuated 1.31 1.08 1.59; 10 Similar results obtained sensitivity subgroup analyses, indicating association. These suggest that impacts This is supported by broader literature as risk factor further explore underlying mechanisms, mediating moderating factors, higher quality from large ethnographically diverse cohorts needed.

Language: Английский

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Association of Everyday Discrimination With Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the All of Us Research Program

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 79(9), P. 898 - 898

Published: July 27, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has coincided with an increase in depressive symptoms as well a growing awareness of health inequities and structural racism the United States.

Language: Английский

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The shared ethical framework to allocate scarce medical resources: a lesson from COVID-19

The Lancet, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 401(10391), P. 1892 - 1902

Published: May 9, 2023

Language: Английский

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Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Under-Vaccination among Marginalized Populations in the United States and Canada: A Scoping Review

Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 20, 2023

Abstract Background Amid persistent disparities in Covid-19 vaccination and burgeoning research on vaccine hesitancy (VH), we conducted a scoping review to identify multilevel determinants of VH under-vaccination among marginalized populations the U.S. Canada. Methods Using methodology developed by Joanna Briggs Institute, designed search string explored 7 databases peer-reviewed articles published from January 1, 2020–October 25, 2022. We combine frequency analysis narrative synthesis describe factors influencing populations. Results The captured 11,374 non-duplicated records, scoped 103 articles. Among 14 identified, African American/Black, Latinx, LGBTQ+, American Indian/Indigenous, people with disabilities, justice-involved were predominant focus. Thirty-two emerged as VH, structural racism/stigma institutional mistrust (structural)(n = 71) most prevalent, followed safety (vaccine-specific)(n 62), side effects 50), trust individual healthcare provider (social/community)(n 38), perceived risk infection (individual)(n 33). Structural predominated across populations, including mistrust, barriers access due limited supply/availability, distance/lack transportation, no/low paid sick days, low internet/digital technology access, lack culturally- linguistically-appropriate information. Discussion identified complex drivers Distinguishing vaccine-specific, individual, social/community that may fuel decisional ambivalence, more appropriately defined racism/structural stigma systemic/institutional better support evidence-informed interventions promote equity vaccines informed decision-making

Language: Английский

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Long-term outcomes of patients with a pre-existing neurological condition after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 123477 - 123477

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Stress-related psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic

Behaviour Research and Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 154, P. 104121 - 104121

Published: May 17, 2022

Language: Английский

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Issues With Variability in Electronic Health Record Data About Race and Ethnicity: Descriptive Analysis of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative Data Enclave

JMIR Medical Informatics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. e39235 - e39235

Published: July 26, 2022

The adverse impact of COVID-19 on marginalized and under-resourced communities color has highlighted the need for accurate, comprehensive race ethnicity data. However, a significant technical challenge related to integrating data in large, consolidated databases is lack consistency how about are collected structured by health care organizations.This study aims evaluate describe variations systems collect report information their patients assess well these integrated when aggregated into large clinical database.At time our analysis, National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Data Enclave contained records from 6.5 million contributed 56 institutions. We quantified variability harmonized N3C analyzing conformance standards such conducted descriptive analysis comparing available research purposes database original source To make comparison, we tabulated codes, enumerating many had been reported with each encoded value distinct ways category was reported. nonconforming were also cross 3 factors: patient ethnicity, number partners using code, which models utilized those particular encodings. For data, used an inductive approach sort encodings categories. example, values as "Declined" grouped "Refused," "Multiple Race" "Two or more races" "Multiracial.""No matching concept" second largest concept database. In addition, 20.7% did not conform standard; that missing. Hispanic Latino overrepresented racial American Indian Alaska Native obscured. Although only small proportion mapped correct concepts (0.6%), Black African Hispanic/Latino this category.Differences conceptualized institutions can affect quality databases. issues equal across all races ethnicities, potential introduce bias analyses conclusions drawn Transparency have transformed help users accurate inferences eventually better guide public policy.

Language: Английский

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Disparities in COVID-19 related outcomes in the United States by race and ethnicity pre-vaccination era: an umbrella review of meta-analyses

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Sept. 7, 2023

Background Meta-analyses have investigated associations between race and ethnicity COVID-19 outcomes. However, there is uncertainty about these associations’ existence, magnitude, level of evidence. We, therefore, aimed to synthesize, quantify, grade the strength evidence outcomes in US. Methods In this umbrella review, we searched four databases (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, Epistemonikos) from database inception April 2022. The methodological quality each meta-analysis was assessed using Assessment Multiple version 2 (AMSTAR-2). with ranked according established criteria as convincing, highly suggestive, weak, or non-significant. study protocol registered PROSPERO, CRD42022336805. Results Of 880 records screened, selected seven meta-analyses for synthesis, 42 examined. Overall, 10 were statistically significant ( p ≤ 0.05). Two two whereas remaining 32 risk infection higher Black individuals compared White (risk ratio, 2.08, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.60–2.71), which supported by suggestive evidence; conservative estimates sensitivity analyses, association remained suggestive. Among those infected COVID-19, Hispanic had a hospitalization than non-Hispanic (odds CI, 1.60–2.70) after analyses. Conclusion Individuals groups their counterparts. These existed more obviously pre-hospitalization stage. More consideration should be given stage addressing health inequity.

Language: Английский

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