Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Aug. 24, 2023

Multicellular organisms are constantly subjected to pathogens that might be harmful. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they possess highly effective anti-infective mechanisms. Bacterial phagocytosis and parasite encapsulation some forms of cellular responses. Insects often defend themselves against infections through a humoral response. This phenomenon includes the secretion antimicrobial peptides into hemolymph. Specific receptors for detecting infection required recognition foreign such as proteins recognize glucans peptidoglycans, together referred PGRPs βGRPs. Activation these leads stimulation signaling pathways which further activates genes encoding peptides. Some instances JAK-STAT, Imd, Toll. The host response frequently accompanies has, however, been circumvented by diseases, may have assisted evolve their own complicated systems. role ncRNAs in insect immunology has discussed several notable studies reviews. paper examines most recent research on regulatory function during insect-pathogen crosstalk, including insect- pathogen-encoded miRNAs lncRNAs, provides overview important effector mechanisms activated diverse pathogen invaders.

Language: Английский

---

Research progress of aphid immunity system: Potential effective target for green pest management

Insect Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

Abstract Due to the absence of acquired immunity, insects primarily rely on their innate immune system resist pathogenic microorganisms and parasitoids in natural habitats. This can be classified into cellular immunity humoral immunity. Cellular is mediated by hemocytes, which perform phagocytosis, aggregation, encapsulation fight against invaders, whereas activates signaling pathways induces generation effectors. Existing studies have revealed that hemipteran aphids lack some crucial genes compared other insect species, indicating different mechanisms aphids. The current review summarizes adverse impacts aphids, introduces systems insects, analyzes differences between species. Furthermore, our also discussed existing prospects challenges aphid research, proposed potential application green pest management.

Language: Английский

---

Evolution of insect innate immunity through domestication of bacterial toxins

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(16)

Published: April 10, 2023

Toxin cargo genes are often horizontally transferred by phages between bacterial species and known to play an important role in the evolution of pathogenesis. Here, we show how these same have been from phage or bacteria animals resulted novel adaptations. We discovered that two widespread encoding toxins animal cells, cytolethal distending toxin subunit B ( cdtB ) apoptosis-inducing protein 56 kDa aip56) , were captured insect genomes through horizontal gene transfer phages. To study function insects, focused on Drosophila ananassae as a model. In D. subgroup species, aip56 present singular fused copies cdtB::aip56 second chromosome. found encoded proteins expressed immune some localized wasp embryo’s serosa, their expression increased following parasitoid infection. Species highly resistant wasps, observed lines carrying null mutations more susceptible parasitoids than wild type. conclude insects millions years ago integrated modules into innate system. These now represent components heretofore undescribed defense response for resistance wasps. Phage bacterially derived eukaryotic serve macromutations can spur instantaneous novelty animals.

Language: Английский

---

Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 568 - 568

Published: March 12, 2024

This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions vector insects with their invading parasites pathogens. It is a way introducing this Special Issue subsequent papers presenting latest details these in each particular group vectors. Hopefully, paper will fill void literature since brief descriptions immunity have now been brought one publication could form starting point for those interested new to important area. Descriptions are given on mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, tsetse flies, lice, fleas triatomine bugs. Cellular humoral defences described separately but emphasis made co-operation processes completed response. The also emphasises need great care extracting haemocytes study as appreciation fragile nature often overlooked non-sterile media, smearing techniques excessive centrifugation sometimes used. potential vital role eicosanoids instigation many discussed. Finally, priming system, mainly considered possible mechanism presented.

Language: Английский

---

A single-cell atlas of the sexually dimorphic Drosophila foreleg and its sensory organs during development

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(6), P. e3002148 - e3002148

Published: June 28, 2023

To respond to the world around them, animals rely on input of a network sensory organs distributed throughout body. Distinct classes are specialized for detection specific stimuli such as strain, pressure, or taste. The features that underlie this specialization relate both neurons innervate and accessory cells they comprise. understand genetic basis diversity cell types, within between organs, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing first tarsal segment male Drosophila melanogaster foreleg during pupal development. This tissue displays wide variety functionally structurally distinct including campaniform sensilla, mechanosensory bristles, chemosensory taste well sex comb, recently evolved male-specific structure. In study, characterize cellular landscape in which reside, identify novel type contributes construction neural lamella, resolve transcriptomic differences among support organs. We genes distinguish neurons, combinatorial transcription factor code defines 4 gustatory several types match expression receptor neuron classes. Collectively, our work identifies core provides rich, annotated resource studying their development function.

Language: Английский

---

Mitochondrial perturbation in immune cells enhances cell-mediated innate immunity in Drosophila

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: March 13, 2024

Abstract Background Mitochondria participate in various cellular processes including energy metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, production of reactive oxygen species, stress responses, inflammation and immunity. However, the role mitochondrial metabolism immune cells tissues shaping innate responses are not yet fully understood. We investigated effects tissue-specific perturbation on at organismal level. Genes for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes cI-cV were knocked down fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , targeting two main tissues, fat body (hemocytes). Results While OXPHOS was detrimental, hemocyte-specific led to an enhanced immunocompetence. This accompanied by formation melanized hemocyte aggregates (melanotic nodules), a sign activation cell-mediated Furthermore, induced hemocytes, resulting infection-like profile response against parasitoid wasp infection. In addition, hemocytes resulted membrane depolarization upregulation genes associated with unfolded protein response. Conclusions Overall, we show that while highly tissue-specific, mild dysfunction can be beneficial immune-challenged individuals contributes variation infection outcomes among individuals.

Language: Английский

---

Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study innate immune memory

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Oct. 20, 2022

Over the last decades, research regarding innate immune responses has gained increasing importance. A growing body of evidence supports notion that arm system could show memory traits. Such traits are thought to be conserved throughout evolution and provide a survival advantage. Several models available study these mechanisms. Among them, we find fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster . This non-mammalian model been widely used for since it naturally lacks an adaptive response. Here, aim review latest advances in mechanisms response using this animal model.

Language: Английский

---

Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens

Published: Jan. 31, 2024

This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions vector insects with their invading parasites pathogens. It is a way introducing this special issue subsequent papers presenting latest details these in each particular group vectors. Hopefully, paper will fill void literature since brief descriptions immunity have now been brought one publication could form starting point for those interested new to important area. Descriptions are given on mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, tsetse flies, lice, fleas triatomine bugs. Cellular humoral defences described separately but emphasis made co-operation processes completed response. The also emphasises need great care extracting haemocytes study as appreciation fragile nature sometimes overlooked non-sterile media, smearing techniques excessive centrifugation used. potential vital role eicosanoids instigation many discussed. Finally, priming system, mainly considered possible mechanism presented

Language: Английский

---

Numerous Serine/Threonine Kinases Affect Blood Cell Homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster

Cells, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(7), P. 576 - 576

Published: March 26, 2024

Blood cells in Drosophila serve primarily innate immune responses. Various stressors influence blood cell homeostasis regarding both numbers and the proportion of types. The principle molecular mechanisms governing hematopoiesis are conserved amongst species involve major signaling pathways like Notch, Toll, JNK, JAK/Stat or RTK. Albeit generally rely on activity protein kinases, their specific contribution to remains understudied. Here, we assess role Serine/Threonine kinases with potential phosphorylate transcription factor Su(H) crystal homeostasis. is central Notch signal transduction, its inhibition by phosphorylation impedes formation. Overall, nearly twenty percent all were studied two assays, global hemocyte-specific overexpression downregulation, respectively. Unexpectedly, majority influenced numbers, albeit only a few related so far. Four appeared essential for formation, whereas most restrained development. This group comprises kinase classes, indicative complex regulatory network underlying rather indiscriminative response observed opens possibility that measure overall phospho-status as proxy stress-signals, activate an adaptive accordingly.

Language: Английский

---

Innate Immunity in Insects: The Lights and Shadows of Phenoloxidase System Activation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 1320 - 1320

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

Melanogenesis and melanin deposition are processes essential for the effective immune response of insects to various invaders. Phenoloxidase (PO), produced in specialized cells as an inactive precursor prophenoloxidase (proPO), is key enzyme formation. The activated via limited proteolysis by a dedicated serine proteinase, which final element cascade proteinases (SPs) that make up PO system. provides different cytotoxic molecules active fighting infections, well melanin, important sequestration However, since reactive compounds generated during melanization also pose threat host cells, strict control system necessary self-protection. Different pathogens parasites influence through strategies, allow them survive develop insect body. In this review, we characterize “the lights shadows” activation, indicating, on one hand, its advantages efficient mechanism and, other dangers associated with improper functioning selected strategies regulating activity entomopathogenic organisms.

Language: Английский

---