Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: July 13, 2023
The
airway
epithelium
comprises
of
different
cell
types
and
acts
as
a
physical
barrier
preventing
pathogens,
including
inhaled
particles
microbes,
from
entering
the
lungs.
Goblet
cells
submucosal
glands
produce
mucus
that
traps
which
are
expelled
respiratory
tract
by
ciliated
cells.
Basal
act
progenitor
cells,
differentiating
into
epithelial
types,
to
maintain
homeostasis
following
injury.
Adherens
tight
junctions
between
function
regulate
movement
molecules
across
it.
In
this
review
we
discuss
how
abnormal
structure
function,
caused
chronic
injury
repair,
drives
disease
specifically
asthma
obstructive
pulmonary
(COPD).
both
diseases,
allergens,
pollutants
microbes
disrupt
junctional
complexes
promote
death,
impairing
leading
increased
penetration
pathogens
constant
immune
response.
asthma,
inflammatory
response
precipitates
basal
differentiation.
This
leads
reduced
goblet
hyperplasia
mesenchymal
transition,
contribute
impaired
mucociliary
clearance
remodelling.
COPD,
oxidative
stress
inflammation
trigger
premature
senescence,
contributes
loss
integrity
Increased
numbers
showing
deregulated
differentiation,
ciliary
dysfunction
mucous
hyperproduction
in
COPD
airways.
Defective
antioxidant,
antiviral
damage
repair
mechanisms,
possibly
due
genetic
or
epigenetic
factors,
may
confer
susceptibility
these
diseases.
current
evidence
suggests
cycle
remodelling
COPD.
Mechanistic
understanding
lead
improved
therapies
for
Frontiers in Nutrition,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Jan. 15, 2024
Background
Currently,
the
prevalence
of
allergic
rhinitis
(AR)
remains
high
and
there
is
a
great
need
to
develop
better
safer
ways
alleviate
AR
symptoms.
The
Lactobacillus
plantarum
GUANKE
probiotic
was
reported
as
an
immunomodulator
through
maintaining
Th1/Th2
balance.
This
study
aimed
determine
efficacy
in
subjects.
Methods
Adults
aged
from
18
60
years
old
previously
suffered
were
recruited
received
probiotics
treatment
for
4
weeks.
questionnaires
Total
nasal
symptom
scores
(TNSS),
total
non-nasal
score
(TNNSS),
control
assessment
test
(RCAT)
used
assess
effectiveness
before
after
treatment.
serum
allergen-specific
IgE
cytokines
also
determined
at
baseline
weeks
administration.
Results
results
showed
that
TNSS
TNNSS
significantly
reduced
RCAT
increased
compared
baseline.
sub-symptom
rhinorrhea,
itching,
sneezing,
tearing
each
questionnaire
significant
changes,
level
markedly
decreased.
We
further
measured
inflammatory-related
proteins
found
20
(6
upregulated
14
downregulated)
changed
baseline,
including
IL-4,
IL-7,
IL-20,
IL-33,
CXCL1,
CXCL5,
CXCL6,
CXCL11,
CCL4,
CCL23,
TGF-alpha,
LAP-TGF-beta-1,
MMP-1,
MMP-10,
AXIN1,
NT-3,
OSM,
SCF,
CD6,
NRTN.
Enrichment
analysis
these
altered
mainly
enriched
cytokine
chemokine-related
signaling
pathways.
Conclusion
Taken
together,
this
demonstrated
can
serve
effective
immunobiotic
AR,
which
realized
balance
by
modulating
functions
various
chemokines.
Pulmonary Therapy,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 23, 2025
Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease
(COPD)
is
a
common
and
complex
characterized
by
persistent
airflow
limitation
the
presence
of
exacerbations,
resulting
in
significant
morbidity
mortality.
Although
pathogenesis
COPD
multifactorial,
airway
inflammation
plays
role
progression.
Despite
advantages
non-pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical
interventions
that
have
significantly
improved
symptom
burden
exacerbation
frequency
COPD,
there
lack
disease-modifying
therapies
target
underlying
mechanisms.
Monoclonal
antibodies
(mAbs),
drug
class
has
treatment
severe
asthma
blocking
mediators
type
2
(Th2)
allergic
inflammatory
cascades,
are
currently
under
investigation
for
their
efficacy
COPD.
Our
review
summarizes
evidence
use
monoclonal
discusses
current
limitations
promising
advances.
targeting
Th1
failed
to
improve
outcomes,
recent
clinical
trials
shown
beneficial
effects
Th2
inflammation,
providing
personalized
approach
treatment.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(3), P. 1702 - 1702
Published: Jan. 30, 2024
Eosinophilic
esophagitis
(EoE)
is
a
multifaceted
disease
characterized
by
wide
heterogeneity
of
clinical
manifestations,
endoscopic
and
histopathologic
patterns,
responsiveness
to
therapy.
From
the
perspective
an
effective
approach
patient,
different
inflammatory
mechanisms
involved
in
pathogenesis
EoE
biologics,
particular
monoclonal
antibodies
(mAbs),
targeting
these
pathways
are
needed.
Currently,
most
relevant
dupilumab,
which
interferes
with
both
interleukin
(IL)-4
IL-13
binding
IL-4
receptor
α,
only
mAb
approved
European
Medicine
Agency
US
Food
Drug
Administration
for
treatment
EoE.
Other
mAbs
investigated
include
mepolizumab,
reslizumab,
benralizumab
(interfering
IL-5
axis),
cendakimab
dectrekumab
(anti-IL-13s),
tezepelumab
(anti-TSLP),
lirentelimab
(anti-SIGLEG-8),
many
others.
Despite
undeniable
economic
impact
biologic
therapies,
near
future,
there
will
be
room
further
reflection
about
opportunity
prescribe
agents,
not
as
last-line
therapy
selected
cases
such
patients
comorbidities
involving
common
pathways.
Although
recent
findings
very
encouraging,
road
permanent
success
still
long,
studies
needed
determine
long-term
effects
discover
new
potential
targets.
Cell Biochemistry and Function,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
42(3)
Published: March 30, 2024
Abstract
Allergic
rhinitis
(AR)
is
characterized
by
nasal
symptoms
such
as
rubbing
and
sneezing,
often
triggered
allergen
exposure.
The
purpose
of
this
study
to
dissect
the
roles
NLRP3‐mediated
immune
modulation
macrophage
pyroptosis
in
modulating
T
cell
differentiation
within
context
ovalbumin
(OVA)‐induced
AR
mice.
OVA‐induced
was
established
mice,
evaluating
symptoms,
infiltration,
cytokine
levels,
differentiation.
Manipulations
using
NLRP3−/−,
ASC−/−
clodronate
liposome
treatment,
NLRP3
inhibitor
MCC950
were
performed
assess
their
impact
on
responses.
Following
OVA
stimulation,
increased
observed
group
along
with
augmented
GATA3
expression
elevated
IL‐4
IL‐1b
indicative
Th2
polarization
cellular
involvement.
NLRP3−/−
mice
exhibited
reduced
CD3+
cells
post
induction,
implicating
AR.
Macrophage
depletion
led
decreased
IgE
highlighting
involvement
allergic
Further
investigations
revealed
enhanced
pyroptosis,
influencing
Th1/Th2
models.
IL‐18
released
through
induced
differentiation,
distinct
from
IL‐1b.
Additionally,
effectively
mitigated
responses
reducing
infiltration.
This
comprehensive
unravels
pivotal
role
balance
regulation
Targeting
pathways
emerged
a
promising
strategy
alleviate
providing
insights
for
potential
therapeutic
interventions
management.
International Journal of General Medicine,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 18, P. 529 - 565
Published: Feb. 1, 2025
Abstract:
Allergic
rhinitis
(AR)
is
a
prevalent
allergic
disease
that
imposes
significant
economic
burdens
and
life
pressures
on
individuals,
families,
society,
particularly
in
the
context
of
accelerating
globalization
increasing
pathogenic
factors.
Current
clinical
therapies
for
AR
include
antihistamines,
glucocorticoids
administered
via
various
routes,
leukotriene
receptor
antagonists,
immunotherapy,
several
decongestants.
These
treatments
have
demonstrated
efficacy
alleviating
symptoms
pathological
states.
However,
with
growing
awareness
rising
expectations
improvements
quality
life,
these
become
associated
higher
incidence
side
effects
an
elevated
risk
drug
resistance.
Furthermore,
development
intricately
dysregulation
immune
system,
yet
underlying
pathogenetic
mechanisms
remain
incompletely
understood.
In
contrast,
widely
available
natural
plant
molecules
offer
multiple
targeting
pathways
uniquely
modify
typical
pathophysiology
through
immunomodulatory
processes.
This
review
presents
comprehensive
analysis
both
vivo
vitro
studies
modulate
immunity
treating
AR.
Additionally,
we
examine
their
specific
action
animal
models
to
provide
new
insights
developing
safe
effective
targeted
while
guiding
experimental
applications
against
Keywords:
molecules,
rhinitis,
immunomodulation,
therapeutic
mechanism,
research
progress
Dermatology and Therapy,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 10, 2025
Atopic
dermatitis
(AD)
is
a
common
chronic
inflammatory
skin
condition
that
significantly
impairs
patients'
quality
of
life
as
result
intense
itching
and
persistent
eczematous
lesions.
Although
AD
has
multifaceted
etiology—including
genetic
predisposition,
environmental
triggers,
barrier
dysfunction,
dysregulated
immune
responses—interleukin-4
(IL-4)
recognized
central
role
in
its
pathogenesis.
This
narrative
review
explores
the
IL-4
pathophysiology
AD,
contribution
to
atopic
march,
therapeutic
impact
inhibition.
plays
critical
dysbiosis,
pruritus,
inflammation,
all
which
contribute
debilitating
symptoms
AD.
Moreover,
implicated
other
conditions,
such
asthma,
allergic
rhinitis,
food
allergies,
underscoring
beyond
importance
march.
Recent
advances
targeted
therapies,
particularly
IL-4/IL-13
signaling
inhibitors,
have
changed
management.
Dupilumab,
an
receptor
antagonist,
demonstrated
significant
efficacy
reducing
enhancing
patient
outcomes
both
children
adults.
In
addition
symptomatic
relief,
suppressing
may
also
offer
potential
for
disease
modification,
altering
AD's
progression
possibly
preventing
onset
conditions.
highlights
crucial
target
By
understanding
pathogenesis
exploring
implications
targeting
pathways,
this
work
can
guide
future
research
concerning
treatment
approaches
emphasize
need
early
interventions
mitigate
ultimately
improve
life.
