The application of surface topography measurement methods to the field of firearm and toolmark analysis is fairly new. The field has been boosted by the development of a number of competing optical methods, which has improved the speed and accuracy of surface topography acquisitions. We describe here some of these measurement methods as well as several analytical methods for assessing similarities and differences among pairs of surfaces. We also provide a few examples of research results to identify cartridge cases originating from the same firearm or tool marks produced by the same tool. Physical standards and issues of traceability are …
International Journal of Legal Medicine,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
135(1), P. 313 - 322
Published: July 13, 2020
Abstract
This
paper
describes
the
variety
of
information
that
a
tool
mark
analysis
on
human
tissue
can
provide
based
case
multiple
sharp
violence.
The
perpetrator
attacked
victim
with
sharp-edged
weapon
against
head,
leaving
several
deep
wounds
back
skull
bone.
Three
those
marks
bone
could
be
used
for
forensic
examination.
Silicone
casts
were
compared
by
light
microscopy
test
Japanese
katana
swords
found
at
crime
scene.
One
identified
as
one
responsible
marks.
In
addition,
and
scanned
in
3D
examined
visual
on-screen
comparison
confirming
results
from
microscopic
Furthermore,
mathematical
approach
which
signatures
sword
cross
correlation
confirms
findings.
aforementioned
to
determine
orientation
relation
cranial
time
respective
impact.
Journal of Forensic Sciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
66(2), P. 571 - 582
Published: Nov. 23, 2020
Abstract
A
firing
pin
impression
is
usually
concave
in
shape
with
a
small
textured
area,
which
makes
it
difficult
to
perform
automated
algorithm‐based
comparison.
The
congruent
matching
cells
(CMC)
method
was
invented
for
accurate
breech
face
comparison,
reference
divided
into
correlation
cells.
Each
cell
registered
cell‐sized
area
of
the
comparison
that
has
maximum
similarity
surface
topography.
Four
parameters
are
used
quantify
pattern
registration
position
and
orientation.
This
paper
aims
further
develop
cell‐division‐matching
based
on
convergence
feature
practical
convergence‐improved
algorithms
refers
tendency
x
‐
y
positions
correlated
pairs
converge
at
correct
angle
when
comparing
same‐source
samples
different
orientations.
areal
Gaussian
filter
employed
extract
high‐frequency
micro‐features;
least‐squares
improve
each
cross‐correlation
precision
reach
pairs;
density‐based
clustering
algorithm
introduced
collect
dense
relative
virtual
common
center
remove
outliers.
Improvements
achieved
reliability
accuracy
number
(CMCs)
collected,
represents
quantification
degree
pairwise
similarity.
Experiments
this
report
40
cartridge
cases
fired
from
10
pistols.
results
included
no
false
identifications
or
exclusions.
Journal of Scientific and Industrial Metrology,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
01(01)
Published: Jan. 1, 2016
This
is
a
review
of
the
National
Institute
Standards
and
Technology’s
(NIST)
efforts
in
surface
metrology
topography
measurements
for
firearm
evidence
identifications
forensic
science.
Based
on
research
projects
standardization,
NIST
researchers
have
developed
Standard
Reference
Material
(SRM)
Bullets
Cartridge
Cases
(Certain
commercial
equipment,
instruments,
or
materials
are
identified
this
paper
to
specify
adequately
experimental
procedure.
Such
identification
does
not
imply
recommendation
endorsement
by
Technology,
nor
it
that
equipment
necessarily
best
available
purpose)
established
2D/3D
Ballistics
Topography
Measurement
System.
They
formulated
Traceability
Quality
System
support
nationwide
ballistics
within
Integrated
Information
Network
(NIBIN)
United
States.
recently
proposed
Congruent
Matching
Cells
(CMC)
method
accurate
ballistic
error
rate
estimation,
which
provides
statistical
foundation
practical
promote
from
qualitative
image
comparisons
quantitative
measurements.
Journal of Forensic Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
67(3), P. 899 - 910
Published: March 7, 2022
Abstract
Silicone
casts
are
widely
used
by
practitioners
in
the
comparative
analysis
of
forensic
items.
Fractured
surfaces
carry
unique
details
that
can
provide
accurate
quantitative
comparisons
fragments.
In
this
study,
a
statistical
comparison
protocol
was
applied
to
set
3D
topological
images
fractured
surface
pairs
and
their
replicas
confidence
between
items
silicone
cast
replicas.
A
10
stainless
steel
samples
were
from
same
metal
rod
under
controlled
conditions
replicated
using
standard
casting
technique.
Six
maps
with
50%
overlap
acquired
for
each
pair.
Spectral
analyses
utilized
identify
correlation
features
at
different
length
scales
topology.
We
selected
two
frequency
bands
over
critical
wavelength
(greater
than
two‐grain
diameters)
comparison.
Our
model
matrix‐variate
t
‐distribution
accounts
match
non‐match
population
densities.
decision
rule
identified
probability
matched
unmatched
surfaces.
The
proposed
methodology
correctly
classified
posterior
exceeding
99.96%.
Moreover,
replication
technique
shows
potential
accurately
replicating
fracture
greater
20
μm,
which
far
exceeds
feature
range
on
most
metallic
alloy
framework
establishes
basis
limits
articles
while
providing
reliable
mechanics‐based
Surface Topography Metrology and Properties,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(2), P. 020201 - 020201
Published: April 29, 2022
Abstract
Surface
Topography:
Metrology
and
Properties
(STMP)
is
reaching
its
10th
Birthday
soon
this
paper
looks
at
the
inception
of
journal
goals
set
in
mid
2010s
will
look
back
what
it
has
published
most
highly
cited
areas
detail
future
initiatives
to
serve
readership.
STMP
publishes
latest
physics,
chemistry,
life
science,
materials
science
engineering
research
on
applied,
functional
surfaces.
It
ground-breaking
work
surface
design,
measurement,
instrumentation,
manufacturing,
functionality
modelling
as
well
cross-disciplinary
interface
across
an
array
different
applications.
home
papers
from
biannual
international
conference
Surfaces
series.
The
was
awarded
it’s
first
impact
factor
2017
a
current
value
2.038
(2020)
now
working
improve
this.
A
new
initiative
for
2021
offer
collection
emerging
leaders
within
scope
journal.
