Research Square (Research Square),
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Окт. 10, 2023
Abstract
C-X-C
Motif
Chemokine
Receptor
4
(CXCR4)
is
a
protein-coding
gene
that
regulates
the
transduction
of
various
downstream
signaling
cascades,
which
are
crucial
for
migration,
survival,
and
proliferation
cancerous
cells.
This
identified
as
one
highly
deregulated
genes
in
breast
cancer
patients.
The
main
theme
this
study
was
to
examine
expression
profile
prognostic
relevance
CXCR4
among
individuals
with
cancer.
We
examined
pattern,
immunological
relationship,
ontology,
well
pathway
involvement
(BC)
using
comprehensive
bioinformatic
approaches.
findings
our
indicate
significant
upregulation
BC
tissues,
specifically
TNBC.
Furthermore,
there
substantial
correlation
between
tumor
stroma,
regulatory
T
suggest
plays
role
advancement
tumors.
Therefore,
combined
approach
targeting
along
conventional
therapies
can
lead
improvement
therapeutic
response
patients
BC.
Cell Communication and Signaling,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
22(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2024
Abstract
Cancer
treatment
faces
many
hurdles
and
resistance
is
one
among
them.
Anti-cancer
strategies
are
evolving
due
to
innate
acquired
capacity,
governed
by
genetic,
epigenetic,
proteomic,
metabolic,
or
microenvironmental
cues
that
ultimately
enable
selected
cancer
cells
survive
progress
under
unfavorable
conditions.
Although
the
mechanism
of
drug
being
widely
studied
generate
new
target-based
drugs
with
better
potency
than
existing
ones.
However,
broader
flexibility
in
resistance,
advanced
therapeutic
options
efficacy
need
be
explored.
Combination
therapy
an
alternative
a
success
rate
though
risk
amplified
side
effects
commonplace.
Moreover,
recent
groundbreaking
precision
immune
ways
overcome
has
revolutionized
anticancer
greater
extent
only
limitation
individual-specific
needs
further
attention.
This
review
will
focus
on
challenges
opted
withstand
current
therapies
at
molecular
level
also
highlights
emerging
-like
immunological,
stem
cell-based
may
prove
have
potential
challenge
problem
resistance.
Cancer
therapy
has
witnessed
remarkable
advancements
in
eradicating
cancer
cells
within
the
body,
leading
to
improved
patient
outcomes
and
prolonged
survival.
This
chapter
provides
an
overview
of
current
therapies,
encompassing
radiation
therapy,
chemotherapy,
targeted
immunotherapy,
emerging
therapeutic
modalities
such
as
viral
gene
therapy.
explores
intricate
molecular
mechanisms
underpinning
resistance
discusses
contemporary
approaches
designed
combat
against
immunotherapy.
In
conclusion,
evolved
significantly,
offering
diverse
treatment
options.
Continued
research,
clinical
trials,
multidisciplinary
collaboration
are
essential
for
further
refining
optimizing
quality
life.
Understanding
developing
innovative
strategies
crucial
enhancing
outcomes,
making
ongoing
research
trials
indispensable.
The
chapter
on
the
"Role
of
Cancer
Stem
Cells
in
Drug
Resistance"
explores
intricate
mechanisms
underlying
resistance
cancer
stem
cells
(CSCs)
to
therapeutic
interventions.
CSCs,
a
subpopulation
within
tumors
endowed
with
self-renewal
and
differentiation
capabilities,
have
been
implicated
persistence
recurrence
cancers.
Moreover,
role
CSCs
promoting
tumor
heterogeneity
driving
metastasis
further
complicates
treatment
strategies.
multifaceted
ways
which
contribute
drug
resistance,
including
enhanced
DNA
repair
mechanisms,
activation
antiapoptotic
pathways,
ability
evade
immune
surveillance.
It
also
explains
unique
features
that
differentiate
them
from
typical
cells.
examines
recent
advancements
targeting
overcome
emphasizing
importance
developing
novel
approaches
specifically
address
biology
CSCs.
There
is
a
complex
and
strong
association
between
metabolic
reprogramming
the
phenomenon
of
drug
resistance
in
cancer.
Cancer
cell
modifications
crosstalk
with
cellular
noncellular
components
are
essential
to
support
their
growth
proliferation
anticancer
therapy
resistance.
The
chapter
explores
unintended
consequences
chemotherapy
interventions,
revealing
how
therapeutic
measures
can
induce
shifts
cancer
cells
that
inadvertently
contribute
emergence
chemoresistance.
navigates
through
complicated
interplay
key
genetic
players
mechanisms.
Finally,
proposes
innovative
strategies
manipulate
metabolism
as
promising
avenue
for
overcoming
This
comprehensive
examination
not
only
elucidates
link
but
also
suggests
potential
presenting
roadmap
future
research
evolving
landscape
treatment.
Autophagy
is
a
crucial
mechanism
that
maintains
the
balance
of
cellular
homeostasis
by
removing
faulty
or
unneeded
proteins
as
well
damaged
aged
organelles
in
cells.
triggered
formation
autophagosomes,
which
sequester
and
enclose
anomalous
constituents.
Subsequently,
autophagosomes
combine
with
lysosomes
to
efficiently
recycle
eliminate
degradative
cargo.
regulation
plays
dual
role
both
suppressing
promoting
cancer
many
types
malignancies
context-dependent
manner.
In
addition,
autophagy
regulates
characteristics
tumor
formation,
spread
cancer,
occurrence
stem
cells,
resistance
drugs
used
treatment.
regulators
are
employed
modify
for
purpose
anticancer
therapy.
However,
functions
hinder
their
effectiveness
this
therapy,
thereby
serving
primary
cause
treatment
failure.
The
chapter
provides
concise
overview
mechanisms
behind
its
correlation
carcinogenesis,
metastasis,
drugs.
Ultimately,
we
examine
potential
efficacy
addressing
prospective
therapeutic
approach
resistance.
The
chapter
explores
the
complicated
relationship
between
immune
cells
and
cancer
drug
resistance.
cell
composition
in
tumor
microenvironment
(TME),
encompassing
B
cells,
effector
regulatory
T
tumor-associated
macrophages
(TAMs),
myeloid-derived
suppressor
(MDSCs),
neutrophils
(TANs),
plays
a
decisive
role
tumorigenesis.
Various
studies
showed
that
MDSCs
can
create
immunosuppressive
microenvironment,
allowing
to
evade
drug-induced
cytotoxicity.
dynamics
of
influenced
by
play
crucial
modulating
responsiveness.
navigates
through
signaling
pathways,
molecular
cross
talk,
adaptive
mechanisms
define
landscape
context
It
potential
immunotherapeutic
interventions,
such
as
checkpoint
inhibitors,
recalibrate
responses
overcome
resistance
mechanisms.
In
essence,
this
exploration
underscores
pivotal
shaping
destiny
By
deciphering
intricacies
these
interactions,
aims
provide
insights
pave
way
for
innovative
therapeutic
strategies,
pushing
boundaries
treatment
toward
greater
efficacy
resilience
against
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
31(1), С. 103896 - 103896
Опубликована: Дек. 10, 2023
Breast
cancer
(BC)
is
the
most
common
type
of
malignancy
globally
and
main
reason
why
women
die
from
tumours.
The
Warburg
effect,
a
characteristic
tumor,
describes
how
solid
tumour
cells
acclimatize
to
their
diverse
surroundings
by
relying
heavily
on
aerobic
glycolysis
for
production
energy.
In
addition
producing
key
metabolic
intermediates
that
are
crucial
macromolecules,
which
enable
cell
division,
invasiveness,
drug
resistance,
transformed
energy
metabolism
also
supplies
tumor
with
ATP
cellular
Here,
we
evaluated
expression
profile,
prognostic
significance,
clinical
relevance
glucose-related
genes
in
BC
using
bioinformatic
approach.
To
clarify
significance
development
breast
tumours,
performed
functional
enrichment
investigation
deregulated
STRING
KEGG
portal.
study
depicted
61
examined,
8
had
fold
change
Treating
cancer
has
so
many
hurdles,
and
drug
resistance
is
one
of
them.
Treatment
strategies
are
evolving
for
due
to
innate
acquired
capacity
in
The
mechanism
behind
the
constantly
response
new
treatment
an
outcome
or
adaptive
mutation
expression
cells.
In
a
broader
perspective,
can
be
governed
by
genetic,
epigenetic,
proteomic,
metabolic,
microenvironment
cues
that
ultimately
enable
selected
resistant
cells
survive
progress
under
unfavorable
conditions.
Although
been
widely
studied
progressively
leads
generation
targets
novel
anticancer
drugs
having
better
efficacy
than
previous
ones.
However,
high
variability
toward
existing
drugs,
strategic
options
with
need
explored
overcome
resistance.
Combination
therapy
used
alternative
success
rate
though
risk
amplified
side
effects
commonplace.
recent
groundbreaking
immune
combination
ways
revolutionized
greater
extent.
more
study
needed
done
at
metabolic
levels
identify
different
cancers
help
develop
therapies
effective
challenge
This
chapter
will
focus
on
challenges
opted
withstand
current
molecular
level.
The
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
is
an
ecosystem
that
surrounds
a
inside
the
body.
TME
contains
complex
and
dynamic
system
consists
of
various
cellular
noncellular
components
cross
talk
with
each
other
cells,
thus
supporting
progression.
intricate
interplay
between
cells
their
surrounding
has
emerged
as
pivotal
factor
influencing
development
drug
resistance
in
cancer
treatment.
This
book
chapter
explores
multifaceted
roles
plays
mediating
to
therapeutic
interventions
by
elucidating
interactions
immune
stromal
extracellular
matrix
components,
blood
vessels,
soluble
factors
within
TME.
It
unravels
complexity
mechanisms
through
comprehensive
exploration
key
signaling
pathways,
talk,
microenvironmental
factors,
highlights
contribution
TME-driven
adaptive
strategies
such
evasion,
epithelial-mesenchymal
transition,
angiogenesis
resistance.
also
specific
facets
including
role
cancer-associated
fibroblasts
(CAFs)
mesenchymal
stem
influence
(ECM)
fostering
active
participation
vascular
sustaining
are
dissected
this
chapter.
Further
digging
into
physiochemical
exchanges,
homotypic
heterotypic
interactions,
exosomes,
cytokines,
chemokines
critical
mediators
culminates
showcasing
innovative
targeting
overcome
resistance,
potentially
revolutionizing
treatment
paradigms.
In
essence,
provides
understanding
TME's
spanning
diverse
elements
while
illuminating
groundbreaking
approaches
mitigate
challenges
oncology.
This
book
chapter
explores
novel
strategies
for
overcoming
drug
resistance
in
cancer,
focusing
on
advancements
delivery
using
nanoparticles
(NPs)
and
CRISPR-based
techniques.
Nanoparticles
offer
targeted
delivery,
improving
bioavailability
minimizing
off-target
effects.
The
reviews
recent
developments
NP-based
formulations
designed
to
overcome
mechanisms,
emphasizing
their
potential
enhance
therapeutic
efficacy.
CRISPR
technologies
enable
modifications
the
cancer
cell
genome,
disrupting
resistance-associated
pathways
sensitizing
cells
treatment.
evaluates
interventions,
discussing
tackle
intrinsic
acquired
mechanisms.
By
synthesizing
these
two
cutting-edge
approaches,
this
presents
an
integrative
view
of
how
nanoparticle
can
synergistically
address
challenges
therapy.
