The
interaction
of
descending
neocortical
outputs
and
subcortical
premotor
circuits
is
critical
for
shaping
skilled
movements.
Two
broad
classes
motor
cortical
output
projection
neurons
provide
input
to
many
areas:
pyramidal
tract
(PT)
neurons,
which
project
throughout
the
neuraxis,
intratelencephalic
(IT)
within
cortex
striatum.
It
unclear
whether
these
are
functionally
in
series
or
each
class
carries
distinct
components
control
signals.
Here,
we
combine
large-scale
neural
recordings
across
all
layers
with
cell
type-specific
perturbations
study
cortically
dependent
mouse
behaviors:
kinematically
variable
manipulation
a
joystick
precise
reach-to-grasp.
We
find
that
striatum-projecting
IT
neuron
activity
preferentially
represents
amplitude,
whereas
pons-projecting
PT
represent
direction
forelimb
Thus,
separable
commands
distributed
classes.
Imaging
dopamine
release
in
the
brain
Neuromodulator
alters
function
of
target
circuits
poorly
known
ways.
An
essential
step
to
address
this
knowledge
gap
is
measure
dynamics
neuromodulatory
signals
while
simultaneously
manipulating
elements
circuit
during
behavior.
Patriarchi
et
al.
developed
fluorescent
protein–based
indicators
visualize
spatial
and
temporal
directly
with
high
fidelity
resolution.
In
cortex,
two-photon
imaging
these
was
used
map
activity
at
cellular
Science
,
issue
p.
eaat4422
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
42(1), С. 459 - 483
Опубликована: Апрель 24, 2019
Deciding
what
to
do
and
when
move
is
vital
our
survival.
Clinical
fundamental
studies
have
identified
basal
ganglia
circuits
as
critical
for
this
process.
The
main
input
nucleus
of
the
ganglia,
striatum,
receives
inputs
from
frontal,
sensory,
motor
cortices
interconnected
thalamic
areas
that
provide
information
about
potential
goals,
context,
actions
directly
or
indirectly
modulates
outputs.
striatum
also
dopaminergic
can
signal
reward
prediction
errors
behavioral
transitions
movement
initiation.
Here
we
review
models
how
direct
indirect
pathways
modulate
outputs
facilitate
initiation,
discuss
role
cortical
in
determining
if
it.
Complex
but
exciting
scenarios
emerge
shed
new
light
on
self-paced
NeuroImage,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
190, С. 79 - 93
Опубликована: Ноя. 20, 2018
Parkinson's
disease
causes
a
characteristic
combination
of
motor
symptoms
due
to
progressive
neurodegeneration
dopaminergic
neurons
in
the
substantia
nigra
pars
compacta.
The
core
impairment
neurotransmission
has
motivated
use
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(fMRI)
patients
with
elucidate
role
dopamine
control
and
cognition
humans.
Here
we
review
main
insights
from
brain
disease.
Task-related
fMRI
revealed
many
disease-related
alterations
activation
patterns.
However,
interpretation
these
findings
is
complicated
by
fact
that
task-dependent
activity
influenced
complex
interactions
between
amount
task-relevant
nuclei,
state
medication,
genetic
factors
performance.
Despite
ambiguities,
studies
demonstrated
central
generation
movement
vigour
(bradykinesia)
excessive
movements
(dyskinesia),
involving
changes
both
connectivity
putamen,
premotor
regions,
right
inferior
frontal
gyrus
(rIFG).
addressing
cognitive
flexibility
provided
convergent
evidence
for
non-linear,
U-shaped,
relationship
levels
nuclei
pharmacological
replacement
can
therefore
move
performance
either
away
or
towards
task-specific
optimum.
Dopamine
also
strongly
affect
processing
reward
punishment
optimal
learning.
further
are
needed
detailed
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
effects.
•
(PD)
results
neurons.
Functional
MRI
examines
human
brain.
Evidence
point
securing
vigour.
show
an
inverse
U-shape
relationship.
learning
rewards
punishments.
