Brain-spleen axis in health and diseases: A review and future perspective

Brain Research Bulletin, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 182, С. 130 - 140

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2022

The spleen, an important tissue for the immune system, acts as a filter blood within system. Accumulating evidence suggests that spleen affects number of brain functions in health and diseases via modulation. Systemic inflammation or chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) can cause splenomegaly rodents. Interestingly, new antidepressant arketamine could normalize depression-like behaviors CSDS-susceptible mice. A recent study strongly supports direct connection pathway between whereby regulate humoral defense by two regions, such corticotropin-related neurons paraventricular nucleus (PVN) central amygdala (CeA). Furthermore, afferent efferent vagus nerve signaling may contribute to communication. In this article, we review findings brain-spleen axis diseases.

Язык: Английский

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The Tryptophan and Kynurenine Pathway Involved in the Development of Immune-Related Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(6), С. 5742 - 5742

Опубликована: Март 17, 2023

The tryptophan and kynurenine pathway is well-known to play an important role in nervous, endocrine, immune systems, as well the development of inflammatory diseases. It has been documented that some metabolites are considered have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and/or neuroprotective properties. Importantly, many these may possess immune-regulatory properties could alleviate inflammation response. abnormal activation might be involved pathophysiological process various immune-related diseases, such bowel disease, cardiovascular osteoporosis, polycystic ovary syndrome. Interestingly, brain memory system intricate immunity via modulation glial function. In further deliberation this concept with engram, roles gut microbiota lead remarkable treatments for prevention therapeutics intractable

Язык: Английский

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Arketamine, a new rapid-acting antidepressant: A historical review and future directions

Neuropharmacology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 218, С. 109219 - 109219

Опубликована: Авг. 14, 2022

The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (R,S)-ketamine causes rapid onset and sustained antidepressant actions in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) other psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar post-traumatic stress disorder. is a racemic mixture consisting of (R)-ketamine (or arketamine) (S)-ketamine esketamine), (S)-enantiomer having greater affinity for the NMDAR. In 2019, an esketamine nasal spray by Johnson & was approved USA Europe depression. contrast, increasing number preclinical studies show that arketamine has potency longer-lasting antidepressant-like effects than rodents, despite lower binding Importantly, side effects, i.e., psychotomimetic dissociative abuse liability, are less those animals humans. An open-label study demonstrated MDD. A phase 2 clinical trial MDD underway. This designed to review brief history novel arketamine, molecular mechanisms underlying its actions, future directions. article part Special Issue on 'Ketamine Metabolites'.

Язык: Английский

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A Brief Overview on BDNF-Trk Pathway in the Nervous System: A Potential Biomarker or Possible Target in Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis?

Frontiers in Neurology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2022

The growing incidence of neurodegenerative disorders in our populations is leading the research to identify potential biomarkers and targets for facilitating their early management treatments. Biomarkers represent crucial indicators both physiological pathological processes. Specific changes molecular cellular mechanisms processes result biochemical alterations at systemic level, which can give us comprehensive information regarding nature any disease. In addition, disease biomarker should be specific reliable, able consent distinguishing condition a tissue, organ, or system from disease, diverse among various diseases, subgroups phenotypes them. Accordingly, predict chances facilitate diagnosis, set guidelines development new therapies treating diseases disease-making process. Here, we focus attention on brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF)–tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) pathway, describing its multiple roles maintenance central nervous (CNS) health, as well implication pathogenesis sclerosis (MS). also evidence features such make it MS therapeutic target.

Язык: Английский

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Motor Behavioral Deficits in the Cuprizone Model: Validity of the Rotarod Test Paradigm

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 23(19), С. 11342 - 11342

Опубликована: Сен. 26, 2022

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder, which histopathologically characterized by multifocal inflammatory demyelinating lesions affecting both the central nervous system's white and grey matter. Especially during progressive phases of disease, immunomodulatory treatment strategies lose their effectiveness. To develop novel MS options, pre-clinical animal models are indispensable. Among various different models, cuprizone de- remyelination model frequently used. While most studies determine tissue damage repair at histological ultrastructural level, functional readouts less commonly applied. overt deficits, gait coordination abnormalities observed in patients. Motor behavior mediated complex neural network that originates cortex terminates skeletal muscles. Several methods exist to small rodents, including rotarod testing paradigm. In this review article, we provide an overview validity characteristics test cuprizone-intoxicated mice.

Язык: Английский

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(R)-ketamine as prophylactic and therapeutic drug for neurological disorders: Beyond depression

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 139, С. 104762 - 104762

Опубликована: Июнь 30, 2022

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and second death worldwide. The increasing social economic burdens neurological driven by global population growth aging. Depression is a common psychiatric symptom in numerous disorders. It also risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) other dementias, Parkinson's (PD), stroke. rapid-acting sustained antidepressant actions (R,S)-ketamine severe depression was accidentally discovered. Interestingly, (R)-ketamine has greater potency longer-lasting antidepressant-like effects than (S)-ketamine rodents. Importantly, its side rodents humans lower those (S)-ketamine. Furthermore, could elicit beneficial various rodent models disorders, including PD, multiple sclerosis (MS), In this article, we review potential as prophylactic or therapeutic drug AD MS,

Язык: Английский

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Arketamine for cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 273(7), С. 1513 - 1525

Опубликована: Фев. 14, 2023

Cognitive impairment has been observed in patients with various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar (BD). Although modern therapeutic drugs can improve certain symptoms (i.e., psychosis, depression) these patients, have not found to cognitive impairment. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (R,S)-ketamine attracted attention as a rapidly acting antidepressant. In addition its robust antidepressant effects, suggested MDD BD, despite causing healthy control subjects. is racemic mixture of equal amounts (R)-ketamine (or arketamine) (S)-ketamine esketamine). Arketamine more potent antidepressant-like actions than esketamine rodents. Interestingly, arketamine, but esketamine, phencyclidine-induced deficits mice. Furthermore, arketamine ameliorate rodent offspring after maternal immune activation. the current article, it proposed that potential for treating disorders. Additionally, role gut-microbiome-brain axis disorders discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Targeting Sigma Receptors for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

CNS Drugs, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 37(5), С. 399 - 440

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Neuroinflammation through the vagus nerve-dependent gut–microbiota–brain axis in treatment-resistant depression

Progress in brain research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер unknown, С. 61 - 77

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Ketamine and its two enantiomers in anesthesiology and psychiatry: A historical review and future directions

Journal of Anesthesia and Translational Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 3(3), С. 65 - 75

Опубликована: Июль 11, 2024

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is widely utilized in both human and veterinary anesthesia. Its (S)-enantiomer, esketamine, similarly employed for anesthesia analgesia. The anesthetic effects of ketamine esketamine arise from their antagonism the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). In field psychiatry, rapid-acting antidepressant properties severe depression have generated significant interest, resulting its increased off-label usage United States (U.S.). 2019, nasal spray received approval use U.S. Europe. However, concerns emerged regarding potential adverse effects, including long-term efficacy, addiction risks, suicide risk clinical settings. contrast, arketamine, (R)-enantiomer ketamine, exhibits superior longer-lasting rodent models depression, with fewer side compared to esketamine. Nevertheless, research on efficacy safety arketamine patients remains limited. This article provides concise exploration historical two enantiomers while also delving into future directions application these fields.

Язык: Английский

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