Translational Psychiatry,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
9(1)
Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2019
Abstract
Previous
research
indicates
that
anxiety
disorders
are
characterized
by
an
overgeneralization
of
conditioned
fear
as
compared
with
healthy
participants.
Therefore,
generalization
is
considered
a
key
mechanism
for
the
development
disorders.
However,
systematic
investigations
on
variance
in
lacking.
current
study
aims
at
identifying
distinctive
phenotypes
among
To
this
end,
1175
participants
completed
differential
conditioning
phase
followed
test.
identify
patterns
generalization,
we
used
k-means
clustering
algorithm
based
individual
arousal
gradients.
Subsequently,
examined
reliability
and
validity
clusters
phenotypical
differences
between
subgroups
basis
psychometric
data
markers
expression.
Cluster
analysis
reliably
revealed
five
systematically
differed
mean
responses,
differentiation
threat
safety,
linearity
gradients,
though
response
levels
accounted
most
variance.
Remarkably,
responses
were
already
evident
during
acquisition
corresponded
closely
to
measures
traits.
The
identified
described
individuals
distinct
characteristics
Following
dimensional
view
psychopathology,
these
likely
delineate
risk
factors
As
crucial
group
acquisition,
our
results
emphasize
importance
average
safety
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
77, С. 247 - 285
Опубликована: Март 3, 2017
The
so-called
'replicability
crisis'
has
sparked
methodological
discussions
in
many
areas
of
science
general,
and
psychology
particular.
This
led
to
recent
endeavours
promote
the
transparency,
rigour,
ultimately,
replicability
research.
Originating
from
this
zeitgeist,
challenge
discuss
critical
issues
on
terminology,
design,
methods,
analysis
considerations
fear
conditioning
research
is
taken
up
by
work,
which
involved
representatives
fourteen
major
human
laboratories
Europe.
compendium
intended
provide
a
basis
for
development
common
procedural
terminology
framework
field
conditioning.
Whenever
possible,
we
give
general
recommendations.
When
not
feasible,
evidence-based
guidance
decisions
study
outcome
measures,
analyses.
Importantly,
work
also
raise
awareness
initiate
crucial
questions
with
respect
data
collection,
processing,
statistical
analyses,
impact
subtle
changes,
reporting
specifically
tailored
In
this
report,
we
illustrate
the
considerable
impact
of
researcher
degrees
freedom
with
respect
to
exclusion
participants
in
paradigms
a
learning
element.
We
empirically
through
case
examples
from
human
fear
conditioning
research,
which
'non-learners'
and
'non-responders'
is
common
-
despite
lack
consensus
on
how
define
these
groups.
substantial
heterogeneity
criteria
identified
systematic
literature
search
highlight
potential
problems
pitfalls
different
definitions
based
re-analyses
existing
data
sets.
On
basis
studies,
propose
evidence-based
rather
than
idiosyncratic
criteria,
including
clear
guidelines
reporting
details.
Taken
together,
flexibility
collection
analysis
can
be
avoided,
will
benefit
robustness
replicability
research
findings
expected
applicable
other
fields
that
involve
Behaviour Research and Therapy,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
131, С. 103635 - 103635
Опубликована: Апрель 30, 2020
Human
fear
conditioning
research
since
Watson's
case
study
on
"Little
Albert"
has
vastly
evolved
and
its
impact
today
is
reaching
far
beyond
phobic
anxiety.
This
review
focuses
how
research,
mainly
using
exteroceptive
conditioned
stimuli
(CSs)
aversive,
non-noxious
as
unconditioned
(USs),
been
extended
translated
to
chronic
pain
research.
We
describe
the
different
pain-related
paradigms
proprioceptive
interoceptive
CSs
painful
USs
that
have
developed
specific
forms
of
(i.e.
movement,
touch,
visceral
sensations,
penetration)
are
relevant
for
conditions
musculoskeletal
pain,
neuropathic
genital
pain).
present
evidence
patients
with
demonstrate
impaired
safety
learning
excessive
generalization;
anomalies
also
observed
in
anxiety
disorders.
Extinction-based
protocols
(exposure
vivo)
reduce
increase
daily
functioning
various
Finally,
we
outline
some
challenges
future
directions
further
our
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
development,
persistence,
treatment
disability.
Behaviour Research and Therapy,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
126, С. 103550 - 103550
Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2020
Fear
motivates
different
types
of
defensive
behaviors.
These
behaviors
are,
however,
not
mere
byproducts
fear.
In
this
review,
we
highlight
a
bi-directional
relationship
between
conditioned
fear
and
instrumental
behavior
in
humans.
We
discuss
mechanisms
involved
the
link
from
to
goal-directed
avoidance
(e.g.,
relief,
generalization),
that
may
become
habitual.
turn
reduce,
preserve,
or
amplify
responding
protection-from-extinction,
behavior-as-information).
Multiple
factors
moderate
relationship.
Evidence
for
amplifying
dampening
effects
inter-individual
differences
trait
anxiety,
distress
tolerance),
intra-individual
states
stress),
external
incentives
competing
behavior)
on
and/or
habitual
is
reviewed.
However,
exact
by
which
these
are
still
largely
unknown
modulating
directly
vs.
indirectly
via
fear).
Finally,
major
implications:
First,
understanding
moderating
provides
insights
into
risk
resilience
anxious
psychopathology.
Second,
specific
experimental
models
clinical
interventions
can
be
mapped
onto
distinct
avoidance).
More
precise
matching
will
help
develop
nuanced
reduce
pathological
individualize
treatments.
Perspectives on Psychological Science,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
16(2), С. 225 - 246
Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2020
Several
labels,
such
as
neuroticism,
negative
emotionality,
and
dispositional
negativity,
indicate
a
broad
dimension
of
psychopathology.
However,
largely
separate,
often
disorder-specific
research
lines
have
developed
that
focus
on
different
cognitive
affective
characteristics
are
associated
with
this
dimension,
perseverative
cognition
(worry,
rumination),
reduced
autobiographical
memory
specificity,
compromised
fear
learning,
enhanced
somatic-symptom
reporting.
In
article,
we
present
theoretical
perspective
within
predictive-processing
framework
in
which
trace
these
phenotypically
back
to
common
underlying
“better-safe-than-sorry”
processing
strategy.
This
implies
information
tends
be
low
sensory-perceptual
detail,
allows
threat-related
categorical
priors
dominate
conscious
experience
for
chronic
uncertainty/surprise
because
stagnated
error-reduction
process.
information-processing
strategy
has
beneficial
effects
the
short
term
but
important
costs
long
term.
From
perspective,
suggest
phenomenally
distinct
psychopathological
mentioned
above
represent
same
basic
heuristic
brain
only
relation
particular
type
involved
(e.g.,
working
memory,
external
internal
world).
Clinical
implications
view
discussed.
