Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
7
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2013
Striatal
dopamine
is
thought
to
code
for
learned
associations
between
cues
and
reinforcers
mediate
approach
behavior
towards
a
reward.
Less
known
about
the
contribution
of
cognitive
flexibility
–
ability
adapt
in
response
changes
environment.
Altered
reward
processing
impairments
are
observed
psychiatric
disorders
such
as
obsessive
compulsive
disorder.
Patients
with
this
disorder
show
disruption
functioning
frontostriatal
circuit
alterations
signaling.
In
review
we
summarize
findings
from
animal
human
studies
that
have
investigated
involvement
striatal
flexibility.
These
may
provide
better
understanding
role
dopaminergic
dysfunction
inflexibility
disorders,
OCD.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2015,
Номер
95(3), С. 785 - 807
Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2015
Estrogen
facilitates
higher
cognitive
functions
by
exerting
effects
on
brain
regions
such
as
the
prefrontal
cortex
and
hippocampus.
induces
spinogenesis
synaptogenesis
in
these
two
also
initiates
a
complex
set
of
signal
transduction
pathways
via
estrogen
receptors
(ERs).
Along
with
classical
genomic
mediated
activation
ER
α
β,
there
are
membrane-bound
α,
G
protein-coupled
receptor
1
(GPER1)
that
can
mediate
rapid
nongenomic
effects.
All
key
ERs
present
throughout
body
synapses
hippocampus
cortex.
This
review
summarizes
actions
from
standpoint
their
synapse
structure
function,
noting
synergistic
role
progesterone.
We
first
begin
subtypes
how
abundance
distributions
altered
aging
loss
(e.g.,
ovariectomy
or
menopause)
rodent,
monkey,
human
brain.
As
is
much
evidence
induced
menopause
exacerbate
functions,
we
then
clinical
trials
hormone
replacement
therapies
effectiveness
symptoms
experienced
women.
Finally,
summarize
studies
carried
out
nonhuman
primate
models
age-
menopause-related
decline
highly
relevant
for
developing
effective
interventions
menopausal
Together,
highlight
new
understanding
affects
synaptic
health
go
well
beyond
its
reproduction.
