The
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
houses
the
vast
majority
of
noradrenergic
neurons
in
brain
and
regulates
many
fundamental
functions,
including
fight
flight
response,
attention
control,
sleep/wake
cycles.
While
efferent
projections
LC
have
been
extensively
investigated,
little
is
known
about
its
local
circuit
organization.
Here,
we
performed
large-scale
multipatch
recordings
adult
mouse
to
profile
their
morpho-electric
properties
while
simultaneously
examining
interactions.
are
diverse
could
be
classified
into
two
major
types.
fast
excitatory
synaptic
transmission
among
was
not
observed
our
preparation,
these
mature
connected
via
gap
junction
at
a
rate
similar
early
developmental
stage
comparable
other
regions.
Most
electrical
connections
form
between
dendrites
restricted
narrowly
spaced
pairs
or
small
clusters
same
type.
In
addition,
more
than
electrically
coupled
cell
were
often
identified
across
cohort
from
individual
multicell
recording
sets
that
followed
chain-like
organizational
pattern.
assembly
thus
follows
spatial
cell-type-specific
wiring
principle
may
imposed
by
unique
rule.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
100(2), С. 805 - 868
Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2019
Sleep
spindles
are
burstlike
signals
in
the
electroencephalogram
(EEG)
of
sleeping
mammalian
brain
and
electrical
surface
correlates
neuronal
oscillations
thalamus.
As
one
most
inheritable
sleep
EEG
signatures,
probably
reflect
strength
malleability
thalamocortical
circuits
that
underlie
individual
cognitive
profiles.
We
review
characteristics,
organization,
regulation,
origins
their
implication
non-rapid-eye-movement
(NREMS)
its
functions,
focusing
on
human
rodent.
Spatially,
spindle-related
activity
appears
scales
ranging
from
small
thalamic
to
functional
cortical
areas,
generates
a
state
favoring
intracortical
plasticity
while
limiting
output.
Temporally,
discrete
events,
part
continuous
power
band,
elements
grouped
an
infraslow
time
scale
over
which
NREMS
alternates
between
continuity
fragility.
synthesize
diverse
seemingly
unlinked
functions
for
architecture,
sensory
processing,
synaptic
plasticity,
memory
formation,
abilities
into
unifying
spindle
concept,
according
1)
generate
neural
conditions
large-scale
connectivity
outlast
appearance
as
2)
appear
preferentially
engaged
learning
attention-based
experience
during
wakefulness,
3)
enable
selective
reactivation
routing
wake-instated
traces
areas
such
hippocampus
cortex.
Their
fine
spatiotemporal
organization
reflects
physiological
coordinated
body
may
indicate,
if
not
anticipate
ultimately
differentiate,
pathologies
neurodevelopmental,
-degenerative,
-psychiatric
conditions.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
43(1), С. 391 - 415
Опубликована: Апрель 6, 2020
Neural
activity
and
behavior
are
both
notoriously
variable,
with
responses
differing
widely
between
repeated
presentation
of
identical
stimuli
or
trials.
Recent
results
in
humans
animals
reveal
that
these
variations
not
random
their
nature,
but
may
fact
be
due
large
part
to
rapid
shifts
neural,
cognitive,
behavioral
states.
Here
we
review
recent
advances
the
understanding
waking
state,
how
generated,
they
modulate
neural
mice
humans.
We
propose
brain
has
an
identifiable
set
states
through
which
it
wanders
continuously
a
nonrandom
fashion,
owing
ascending
modulatory
fast-acting
corticocortical
subcortical-cortical
pathways.
These
state
provide
backdrop
upon
operates,
them
is
critical
making
progress
revealing
mechanisms
underlying
cognition
behavior.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
39(42), С. 8239 - 8249
Опубликована: Окт. 16, 2019
The
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
is
a
seemingly
singular
and
compact
neuromodulatory
nucleus
that
prominent
component
of
disparate
theories
brain
function
due
to
its
broad
noradrenergic
projections
throughout
the
CNS.
As
diffuse
system,
noradrenaline
affects
learning
decision
making,
control
sleep
wakefulness,
sensory
salience
including
pain,
physiology
correlated
forebrain
activity
(ensembles
networks)
hemodynamic
responses.
However,
our
understanding
LC
undergoing
dramatic
shift
application
state-of-the-art
methods
reveal
many
modules
provide
targeted
neuromodulation.
Here,
we
review
evidence
supporting
modular
based
on
multiple
levels
observation
(developmental,
genetic,
molecular,
anatomical,
neurophysiological).
We
suggest
concept
as
and,
alongside
it,
role
in
diverse
must
be
reconsidered.
A
defining
feature
of
sleep
is
reduced
responsiveness
to
external
stimuli,
but
the
mechanisms
mediating
sensory-evoked
arousal
remain
unclear.
We
hypothesized
that
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
norepinephrine
(NE)
activity
during
mediates
unresponsiveness,
and
its
action
promotes
awakenings.
tested
this
using
electrophysiological,
behavioral,
pharmacological,
optogenetic
techniques
alongside
auditory
stimulation
in
freely
behaving
rats.
found
systemic
reduction
NE
signaling
lowered
probability
sound-evoked
awakenings
(SEAs).
The
level
tonic
LC
anticipated
SEAs.
Optogenetic
activation
promoted
as
evident
sleep-wake
transitions,
EEG
desynchronization,
pupil
dilation.
Minimal
excitation
before
sound
presentation
increased
SEA
probability.
silencing
a
soma-targeted
anion-conducting
channelrhodopsin
(stGtACR2)
suppressed
spiking
constricted
pupils.
Brief
periods
opto-silencing
Thus,
LC-NE
determines
likelihood
awakenings,
constitutes
key
factor
behavioral
unresponsiveness.
Brain and Neuroscience Advances,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
4, С. 239821282093032 - 239821282093032
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2020
This
review
aims
to
synthesise
a
large
pre-clinical
and
clinical
literature
related
hypothesised
role
of
the
locus
coeruleus
norepinephrine
system
in
responses
acute
chronic
threat,
as
well
emergence
pathological
anxiety.
The
has
widespread
projections
throughout
central
nervous
system,
which
act
globally
modulate
arousal
states
adaptive
behavior,
crucially
positioned
play
significant
modulating
both
ascending
visceral
descending
cortical
neurocognitive
information.
In
response
threat
or
stressor,
coeruleus–norepinephrine
modulates
arousal,
alerting
orienting
functions
can
have
powerful
effect
on
regulation
multiple
memory
systems.
Chronic
stress
leads
amplification
reactivity
subsequent
stressors,
is
coupled
with
anxiety-like
behaviors
rodents.
While
direct
vivo
evidence
for
dysfunction
humans
anxiety
remains
limited,
recent
advances
high-resolution
7-T
magnetic
resonance
imaging
computational
modeling
approaches
are
starting
provide
new
insights
into
characteristics.
Frontiers in Neural Circuits,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Июнь 7, 2021
The
locus
coeruleus
(LC),
a
small
brainstem
nucleus,
is
the
primary
source
of
neuromodulator
norepinephrine
(NE)
in
brain.
LC
receives
input
from
widespread
brain
regions,
and
projects
throughout
forebrain,
brainstem,
cerebellum,
spinal
cord.
neurons
release
NE
to
control
arousal,
but
also
context
variety
sensory-motor
behavioral
functions.
Despite
its
brain-wide
effects,
much
about
role
LC-NE
behavior
circuits
controlling
activity
unknown.
New
evidence
suggests
that
modular
input-output
organization
could
enable
transient,
task-specific
modulation
distinct
regions.
Future
work
must
further
assess
whether
this
spatial
modularity
coincides
with
functional
differences
subpopulations
acting
at
specific
times,
how
such
spatiotemporal
specificity
might
influence
learned
behaviors.
Here,
we
summarize
state
field
present
new
ideas
on
