Environmental profiles, hazard identification, and toxicological hallmarks of emerging tire rubber-related contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone

Environment International, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 187, С. 108677 - 108677

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2024

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is commonly used in rubber compounds as antioxidants to protect against degradation from heat, oxygen, and ozone exposure. This practice extends the lifespan of products, including tires, by preventing cracking, aging, deterioration. However, environmental consequences waste generated during product use, particularly formation 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) through reaction 6PPD with ozone, have raised significant concerns due their detrimental effects on ecosystems. Extensive research has revealed widespread occurrence its derivate 6PPD-Q various compartments, air, water, soil. The emerging substance been shown pose acute mortality long-term hazards aquatic terrestrial organisms at concentrations below environmentally relevant levels. Studies demonstrated toxic a range organisms, zebrafish, nematodes, mammals. These include neurobehavioral changes, reproductive dysfunction, digestive damage exposure pathways. Mechanistic insights suggest that mitochondrial stress, DNA adduct formation, disruption lipid metabolism contribute toxicity induced 6PPD-Q. Recent findings human samples, such blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, underscore importance further public health toxicological implications these compounds. distribution, fate, biological effects, underlying mechanisms environment highlight urgent need for additional understand address impacts

Язык: Английский

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In Vitro and In Vivo Biotransformation Profiling of 6PPD-Quinone toward Their Detection in Human Urine

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(21), С. 9113 - 9124

Опубликована: Май 14, 2024

The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its oxidized quinone product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) in rubber have attracted attention due to the ecological risk that they pose. Both 6PPD 6PPD-Q been detected various environments humans cohabit. However, date, a clear understanding of biotransformation potential biomarker for exposure are lacking. To address this issue, study presents comprehensive analysis extensive across species, encompassing both vitro vivo models. We tentatively identified 17 metabolites vitro, 15 mice vivo, confirmed presence two human urine samples. Interestingly, different patterns were observed species. Through semiquantitative based on peak areas, we found almost all underwent within 24 h mice, primarily via hydroxylation subsequent glucuronidation. This suggests rapid metabolic processing mammals, underscoring importance identifying effective biomarkers exposure. Notably, monohydroxy 6PPD-Q-O-glucuronide consistently most predominant our studies, highlighting as key epidemiological research. These findings represent first data set mammalian systems, offering insights into pathways involved possible biomarkers.

Язык: Английский

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Tissue Accumulation and Biotransformation of 6PPD-Quinone in Adult Zebrafish and Its Effects on the Intestinal Microbial Community

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(23), С. 10275 - 10286

Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2024

The pronounced lethality of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-quinone or 6PPDQ) toward specific salmonids, while sparing other fish species, has received considerable attention. However, the underlying cause this species-specific toxicity remains unresolved. This study explored 6PPDQ toxicokinetics and intestinal microbiota composition in adult zebrafish during a 14-day exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations, followed by 7-day recovery phase. Predominant accumulation occurred brain, intestine, eyes, with lowest levels liver. Six metabolites were found undergo hydroxylation, two additionally undergoing O-sulfonation. Semiquantitative analyses revealed that predominant metabolite featured hydroxy group situated on phenyl ring adjacent quinone. was further validated assessing enzyme activity determining silico binding interactions. Notably, affinity between phase I II enzymes exceeded corresponding coho salmon 1.04–1.53 times, suggesting higher potential for detoxification tolerant species. Whole-genome sequencing significant increases genera Nocardioides Rhodococcus after 6PPDQ. Functional annotation pathway enrichment predicted these would be responsible biodegradation metabolism xenobiotics. These findings offer crucial data comprehending 6PPDQ-induced toxicity.

Язык: Английский

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Potential human health risk of the emerging environmental contaminant 6-PPD quinone

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 949, С. 175057 - 175057

Опубликована: Июль 26, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Benzimidazole Fungicide Carbendazim Induces Gut Inflammation through the TLR5/NF-κB Pathway in Grass Carp

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2025

Fungicides have been increasingly used across various sectors, including agriculture and textiles. The biocidal properties of fungicides may negatively impact the stability intestinal microbiota, thereby posing a threat to health. In this study, we investigated mechanisms damage functional abnormalities in grass carp following 42-day exposure widely fungicide carbendazim at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.2 20 μg/L). Histopathological observations, mRNA protein expression analyses, biochemical analysis, quantification short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), cytokines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), as well internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, were performed. At concentrations, strongly induced inflammation, leading increased transcriptional translational levels genes involved toll-like receptor five (TLR5)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, TLR5, NF-κB, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Additionally, damaged barriers reduced tight junction proteins (e.g., occludin zonula occludens-1/2), goblet cells, immunoglobulin M levels, while also disrupting gut microbiome, metabolic disorders, particularly decreases SCFAs increases LPS. Treatment with TLR5 antagonist TH1020 mitigated inflammation caused by carbendazim, subsequently improving mechanical barrier function. Overall, our findings provide new insights into toxicological underlying carp, indicating that poses significant nontarget organisms. Given its widespread detection environment, these results underscore substantial ecological risks health fish living carbendazim-contaminated water bodies.

Язык: Английский

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Prediction of acute toxicity for Chlorella vulgaris caused by tire wear particle-derived compounds using quantitative structure-activity relationship models

Water Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 256, С. 121643 - 121643

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Navigating the environmental dynamics, toxicity to aquatic organisms and human associated risks of an emerging tire wear contaminant 6PPD-quinone

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 356, С. 124313 - 124313

Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Exposure to 6-PPD quinone disrupts glucose metabolism associated with lifespan reduction by affecting insulin and AMPK signals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemosphere, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 363, С. 142975 - 142975

Опубликована: Июль 29, 2024

Язык: Английский

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A Review of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine (6PPD) and Its Derivative 6PPD-Quinone in the Environment

Toxics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12(6), С. 394 - 394

Опубликована: Май 28, 2024

As an antioxidant and antiozonant, N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is predominantly used in the rubber industry to prevent degradation. However, 6PPD can be ozonated generate a highly toxic transformation product called quinone (6PPD-quinone), which aquatic terrestrial organisms. Thus, 6PPD-quinone, two emerging contaminants, have attracted extensive attention recently. This review discussed levels distribution of 6PPD-quinone environment investigated their effects on series been widely found air, water, dust, while data soil, sediment, biota are scarce. cause teratogenic, developmental, reproductive, neuronal, genetic toxicity for organisms, at environmentally relevant concentrations. Future research should pay more bioaccumulation, biomagnification, transformation, mechanisms 6PPD-quinone.

Язык: Английский

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High-resolution observation per 1.5 h revealed prominent time-dependent daily contamination variations of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants and their quinone derivatives PPDQs in PM2.5 from central China

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 289, С. 117655 - 117655

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants and their quinone derivatives (PPDQs), as hot-spot novel contaminants in recent years, have been detected air fine particulate matters (PM

Язык: Английский

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