Oxford University Press eBooks,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown, С. 54 - 80
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025
Abstract
This
chapter
adapts
insights
from
philosophical
studies
of
scientific
models
and
modeling
into
epistemic
conditions
for
EP-explanations.
Section
2.1
clarifies
the
sense
“model”
appropriate
to
author’s
purposes,
positioning
this
in
relation
existing
philosophy
science
literature.
2.2
shows
that
meaning
dovetails
with
explanatory
particularist
approach.
The
result
is
a
thesis
(EPM)
interpreting
EP
terms
models.
2.3
illustrates
elaboration
EP,
its
analytic
inclusiveness,
an
extended
case
study:
embryo
stem
cell
research.
complexity
model–model
relations
diverse
community.
2.4
builds
on
result,
proposing
general
framework
characterizing
such
relations.
Later
chapters
put
use.
2.5
concludes.
ABSTRACT
Recent
years
have
seen
exciting
progress
across
human
embryo
research,
including
new
methods
for
culturing
embryos,
transcriptional
profiling
of
embryogenesis
and
gastrulation,
mapping
lineage
trajectories,
experimenting
on
stem
cell-based
models.
These
advances
are
beginning
to
define
the
dynamical
principles
development
stages,
tissues
organs,
enabling
a
better
understanding
before
birth
in
health
disease,
potentially
leading
improved
treatments
infertility
developmental
disorders.
However,
there
still
significant
roadblocks
en
route
this
goal.
Here,
we
highlight
technical
challenges
studying
early
propose
ways
means
overcome
some
these
constraints.
ABSTRACT
During
embryogenesis,
organisms
acquire
their
shape
given
boundary
conditions
that
impose
geometrical,
mechanical
and
biochemical
constraints.
A
detailed
integrative
understanding
how
these
morphogenetic
information
modules
pattern
the
mammalian
embryo
is
still
lacking,
mostly
owing
to
inaccessibility
of
in
vivo
for
direct
observation
manipulation.
These
impediments
are
circumvented
by
developmental
engineering
embryo-like
structures
(stembryos)
from
pluripotent
stem
cells
easy
access,
track,
manipulate
scale.
Here,
we
explain
unlocking
distinct
levels
architecture
through
controlled
modulations
cellular
environment
enables
identification
minimal
sets
inputs
necessary
embryo.
We
detail
this
can
be
complemented
with
precise
measurements
manipulations
tissue
biochemistry,
mechanics
geometry
across
spatial
temporal
scales
provide
insights
into
mechanochemical
feedback
loops
governing
morphogenesis.
Finally,
discuss
how,
even
absence
active
manipulations,
stembryos
display
intrinsic
phenotypic
variability
leveraged
define
constraints
ensure
reproducible
morphogenesis
vivo.
Biochemical Journal,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
478(23), С. 4045 - 4070
Опубликована: Дек. 6, 2021
In
multicellular
organisms,
cellular
behaviour
is
tightly
regulated
to
allow
proper
embryonic
development
and
maintenance
of
adult
tissue.
A
critical
component
in
this
control
the
communication
between
cells
via
signalling
pathways,
as
errors
intercellular
can
induce
developmental
defects
or
diseases
such
cancer.
It
has
become
clear
over
last
years
that
not
static
but
varies
activity
time.
Feedback
mechanisms
present
every
pathway
lead
diverse
dynamic
phenotypes,
transient
activation,
signal
ramping
oscillations,
occurring
a
cell
type-
stage-dependent
manner.
cells,
dynamics
exert
various
functions
organisms
develop
robust
reproducible
way.
Here,
we
focus
on
Erk,
Wnt
Notch
which
are
several
tissue
types
including
periodic
segmentation
vertebrate
embryos,
often
dysregulated
We
will
discuss
how
biochemical
processes
influence
their
these
impact
within
systems.
The
metazoan
body
plan
is
established
during
early
embryogenesis
via
collective
cell
rearrangements
and
evolutionarily
conserved
gene
networks,
as
part
of
a
process
commonly
referred
to
gastrulation.
While
substantial
progress
has
been
achieved
in
terms
characterizing
the
embryonic
development
several
model
organisms,
underlying
principles
many
patterning
processes
nevertheless
remain
enigmatic.
Despite
diversity
(pre-)gastrulating
embryo
adult
shapes
across
animal
kingdom,
axes,
which
are
arguably
most
fundamental
features,
generally
identical
between
phyla.
Recently
there
renewed
appreciation
ex
vivo
vitro
embryo-like
systems
events.
Here,
we
briefly
review
key
examples
propose
that
similarities
morphogenesis
associated
expression
dynamics
may
reveal
an
developmental
mode
well
provide
further
insights
into
role
external
or
extraembryonic
cues
shaping
embryo.
In
summary,
argue
can
be
employed
inform
previously
uncharted
aspects
evolution
rules.
Stem Cell Reports,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
17(4), С. 715 - 733
Опубликована: Март 10, 2022
Multicellular
organisms
of
various
complexities
self-organize
in
nature.
Organoids
are
vitro
3D
structures
that
display
important
aspects
the
anatomy
and
physiology
their
vivo
counterparts
develop
from
pluripotent
or
tissue-specific
stem
cells
through
a
self-organization
process.
In
this
review,
we
describe
multidisciplinary
concept
"synthetic
developmental
biology"
where
engineering
approaches
employed
to
guide
multicellular
organization
an
experimental
setting.
We
introduce
novel
classification
based
on
extent
microenvironmental
manipulation
applied
organoids.
final
section,
discuss
how
tools
might
help
overcome
current
limitations
organoid
construction.
