The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 99(4), С. 1877 - 2013

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Язык: Английский

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Culturing the human microbiota and culturomics

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 16(9), С. 540 - 550

Опубликована: Июнь 24, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection

Immunity, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 51(5), С. 794 - 811

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2021

Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is primary and most important part bacterial colonization. On one side, in cases opportunistic invasion, abundant population inside intestinal tissues may face potential health problems such as inflammation infections. Therefore, immune system has evolved to sustain host–microbiota symbiotic relationship. other hand, maintain host homeostasis, microflora often exerts an immunoregulatory function that cannot be ignored. A field great interest association either microbiota or probiotics with concerning clinical uses. This microbial community regulates some host’s metabolic physiological functions drives early-life maturation, contributing their homeostasis throughout life. Changes gut can occur through modification function, composition (dysbiosis), microbiota–host interplays. Studies on animals humans show have a pivotal effect modulation inflammatory mechanisms; however, precise mechanisms not yet been well defined. Diet, age, BMI (body mass index), medications, stress confound benefits probiotic intake. In addition (permeability physiology), all these agents profound implications for microbiome composition. The use could improve population, increase mucus-secretion, prevent destruction tight junction proteins by decreasing number lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). When LPS binds endothelial cells toll-like receptors (TLR 2, 4), dendritic macrophage are activated, markers increased. Furthermore, decrease dysbiosis leakage after therapy minimize development biomarkers blunt unnecessary activation system. turn, differentiation T-cells against Th2 cytokines IL-4 IL-10. present narrative review explores interactions between microflora/probiotics starting from general perspective biological plausibility get vitro vivo demonstrations probiotic-based approach up possible uses novel therapeutic strategies.

Язык: Английский

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Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Review

Frontiers in Pediatrics, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 8

Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2021

Obesity is a complex condition that interweaves biological, developmental, environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors; it significant public health problem. The most common cause of obesity throughout childhood adolescence an inequity in energy balance; is, excess caloric intake without appropriate expenditure. Adiposity rebound (AR) early risk factor for adulthood. increasing prevalence adolescent associated with rise comorbidities previously identified the adult population, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD), Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), Dyslipidemia. Due to lack single treatment option address obesity, clinicians have generally relied on counseling dietary changes exercise. psychosocial issues may accompany regarding body habitus, this approach can negative results. Teens develop unhealthy eating habits result Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge- Eating Disorder (BED), or Night syndrome (NES). Others Anorexia (AN) they attempt restrict their diet overshoot goal “being healthy.” To date, lifestyle interventions shown only modest effects weight loss. Emerging findings from basic science well interventional drug trials utilizing GLP-1 agonists demonstrated success effective loss obese adults, adolescents, pediatric patients. However, there limited data efficacy safety other weight-loss medications children adolescents. Nearly 6% adolescents United States are severely bariatric surgery consideration will be discussed. In summary, paper overview pathophysiology, clinical, psychological implications, options available

Язык: Английский

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The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 11(3), С. 635 - 635

Опубликована: Март 15, 2019

Obesity is a global pandemic complex to treat due its multifactorial pathogenesis—an unhealthy lifestyle, neuronal and hormonal mechanisms, genetic epigenetic factors are involved. Scientific evidence supports the idea that obesity metabolic consequences strongly related changes in both function composition of gut microbiota, which exert an essential role modulating energy metabolism. Modifications microbiota have been associated with variations body weight mass index. Lifestyle modifications remain as primary therapy for disorders. New therapeutic strategies treat/prevent proposed, based on pre- and/or probiotic modulation mimic found healthy non-obese subjects. Based human animal studies, this review aimed discuss mechanisms through could act key modifier complications. Evidence from studies clinical trials suggesting potential beneficial effects prebiotic various strains those physical, biochemical, parameters presented. As conclusion, deeper knowledge about pre-/probiotic action, combination adequately powered, randomized controlled follow-up will facilitate application development personalized healthcare strategies.

Язык: Английский

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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 10

Опубликована: Март 24, 2020

Background Several studies suggested an important role of the gut microbiota in pathophysiology neurological disorders, implying that alteration might serve as a treatment strategy. Fecal transplantation (FMT) is currently most effective intervention and accepted for recurrent Clostridioioides difficile infections. To evaluate indications FMT patients with we summarized available literature on FMT. In addition, provide suggestions future directions. Methods July 2019, five main databases were searched case descriptions disorders humans or animal models. ClinicalTrials.gov website was consulted registered planned ongoing trials. Results Of 541 identified studies, 34 included analysis. Clinical trials have been performed autism spectrum disorder showed beneficial effects symptoms. For multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease, several positive effect FMT, supported by some reports humans. epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, diabetic neuropathy but evidence restricted to limited numbers studies. stroke, Alzheimer's disease Guillain-Barré syndrome only models identified. These potential healthy donor contrast, one study model stroke increased mortality after Whether findings from can be confirmed human diseases awaits seen. above mentioned are ongoing, well amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Conclusions Preliminary suggests may promising option disorders. However, still scanty contrasting results observed. Limited while experiments conducted. Large double-blinded randomized controlled needed further elucidate

Язык: Английский

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The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Bile Acid Metabolism

Annals of Hepatology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 16, С. S21 - S26

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2017

Bile acids (BAs), the end products of cholesterol catabolism, are essential for absorption lipids and fat-soluble vitamins; but they have also emerged as novel signaling molecules that act metabolic regulators. It has been well described enterohepatic circulation, a nuclear (FXR) cytoplasmic (TGR5/M-BAR) receptor aid in controlling hepatic bile acid synthesis. Modulating synthesis greatly impacts metabolism, because these receptors implicated glucose, lipid, energy expenditure. Recent studies had revealed way participate regulating gluconeogenesis, peripheral insulin sensitivity, glycogen synthesis, glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion. Nowadays, it is demonstrated enhancing intestine contributes to benefits sequestrants bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis. This paper discusses role regulators metabolism their potential therapeutic targets diabetes.

Язык: Английский

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Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2023

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) has been consistently increasing worldwide. Sharing powerful genetic environmental features in their pathogenesis, amplifies the impact susceptibility factors on DM. ectopic expansion adipose tissue excessive accumulation certain nutrients metabolites sabotage metabolic balance via insulin resistance, dysfunctional autophagy, microbiome-gut-brain axis, further exacerbating dysregulation immunometabolism through low-grade systemic inflammation, leading to an accelerated loss functional β-cells gradual elevation blood glucose. Given these intricate connections, most available treatments type 2 DM (T2DM) have a mutual effect each other. For example, anti-obesity drugs can be anti-diabetic some extent, medicines, contrast, shown increase body weight, such as insulin. Meanwhile, surgical procedures, especially bariatric surgery, are more effective for both T2DM. Besides guaranteeing availability accessibility all diagnostic therapeutic tools, clinical experimental investigations pathogenesis two diseases warranted improve efficacy safety newly developed treatments.

Язык: Английский

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Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota

Sleep Medicine Reviews, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 53, С. 101340 - 101340

Опубликована: Май 13, 2020

Язык: Английский

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