Acute Toxicity of the Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone to Four Fishes of Commercial, Cultural, and Ecological Importance

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(4), С. 333 - 338

Опубликована: Март 2, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), a transformation product of the rubber tire antioxidant 6PPD, has recently been identified as chemical responsible for urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon, with median lethal concentration (LC50) <0.1 μg/L. Subsequent studies have failed to confirm comparable sensitivity other fish species. Here, we investigated acute toxicity 6PPD-quinone rainbow trout, brook Arctic char, and white sturgeon. Fish were exposed under static renewal conditions, exposure concentrations verified analytically. Mortalities trout occurred between 1.2 20 h, while mortalities began after 7 h spanned 60 trout. The LC50s (24 h) (72 0.59 1.00 μg/L, respectively. Both species showed characteristic symptoms (increased ventilation, gasping, spiraling, loss equilibrium) shortly before death. No observed either char or sturgeon 96 at measured high 14.2 This is first study demonstrate fishes commercial, cultural, ecological importance environmentally relevant provides urgently needed information environmental risk assessments this contaminant emerging concern.

Язык: Английский

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The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 89(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Язык: Английский

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6PPD-Quinone: Revised Toxicity Assessment and Quantification with a Commercial Standard

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(2), С. 140 - 146

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2022

Stormwater exposure can cause acute mortality of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) was identified as the primary causal toxicant. Commercial standards 6PPD-Q recently became available; their analysis highlighted a systematic high bias in prior reporting concerning 6PPD-Q. A commercial standard used to re-confirm toxicity estimates juvenile develop liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for quantification. Peak area responses were ∼15 times higher than those in-house standards, updated LC50 value (95 ng/L) ∼8.3-fold lower that previously reported. These data support relative comparisons occurrence while confirming substantial lethality While environmental concentrations are expected be lower, also more toxic calculated should categorized “very highly toxic” pollutant aquatic organisms. Isotope dilution-tandem methods enabled accurate quantification (limits <10 within samples.

Язык: Английский

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Abiotic oxidative transformation of 6-PPD and 6-PPD quinone from tires and occurrence of their products in snow from urban roads and in municipal wastewater

Water Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 212, С. 118122 - 118122

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2022

The antiozonant N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is added to tires increase their lifetime and emitted with tire road wear particles into the environment. Recently, one of its transformation products (TPs), 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ), has gained attention due toxicity towards coho salmon. In this study, abiotic oxidative investigated by a series ozonation experiments in lab followed analysis TPs using liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). A total 38 were detected tentatively identified, which formed either directly from or via 6-PPDQ as intermediate. suspect screening LC-HRMS showed 32 these occur snow collected urban roads surrogate road-runoff, where 6-PPDQ, 4-aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA), TP 213, 249 most prominent besides 6-PPD. More than 90% load was found particulate fraction snow. Thus, retaining runoff before discharge surface water would substantially reduce emission many TPs. Some prevailed phase higher polarity. 13 dissolved wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent. Their markedly enhanced during day snowmelt (approx. 1100 g/d) rainfall 2000 compared dry weather 190 g/d). contributed less 1% (estimated concentrations max 0.1 µg/L). elimination estimated loads related WWTP ranged 22 67% depending on conditions. Eventually 249, 4-ADPA 259_2 dominated effluent concentration 0.5 up 2 Thus are, likely, specific stable be determined

Язык: Английский

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Concentrations of Tire Additive Chemicals and Tire Road Wear Particles in an Australian Urban Tributary

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 56(4), С. 2421 - 2431

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2022

Tire road wear particles (TRWPs) are one of the largest sources microplastics to urban environment with recent concerns as they also provide a pathway for additive chemicals leach into environment. Stormwater is major source TRWPs and associated additives surface water, including antioxidant derivative N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone) demonstrating links aquatic toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations. The present study used complementary analysis methods quantify both suite known tire (including 6PPD-quinone) an tributary in Australia during severe storm events. Concentrations increased more than 40 times storms, maximum concentration 2760 ng/L ∑15additives, 88 6PPD-quinone, similar profile observed each storm. were detected peaks between 6.4 18 mg/L, concentrations all highly correlated. Contaminant mass loads this catchment estimated up 100 g/storm 3 252 730 kg TRWPs/storm. While 6PPD-quinone lower previous studies, elevated post suggest prolonged exposure.

Язык: Английский

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Toxicological effects of 6PPD and 6PPD quinone in zebrafish larvae

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 424, С. 127623 - 127623

Опубликована: Окт. 29, 2021

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is the most widely used antioxidant in automobile tyres and many rubber products. We investigated impact of 6PPD quinone on acute toxicity, morphology, swimming behaviour, heart rate, oxygen consumption zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to at concentrations 1, 10, 25 µg/L during development period 1–96 hpf. In present study, was found be toxic larvae with a 24 h LC50 308.67 µg/L. No significant mortality observed any tested concentrations. A dose-dependent reduction performance 116 hpf for both toxicants. Overall, our study shows that exposure environmentally relevant (1 µg/L) does not affect its behaviour. However, higher but still sublethal (10 can behavioural endpoints. These findings reveal toxicity early life stages fish.

Язык: Английский

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Oral exposure to tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone induce hepatotoxicity in mice

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 869, С. 161836 - 161836

Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2023

Язык: Английский

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The Tire-Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone Is Lethally Toxic to the White-Spotted Char Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius but Not to Two Other Salmonid Species

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(12), С. 1050 - 1055

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone, also known as 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), was recently identified the toxic chemical that causes acute mortality in coho salmon following exposure to urban road runoff. Subsequent studies found there were large differences sensitivity 6PPD-Q (>100-fold) even among salmonid species. Here we performed 96 h toxicity tests of with three species (Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius, Salvelinus curilus, and Oncorhynchus masou masou) lethally S. pluvius a 24 median lethal concentration (LC50) 0.51 μg/L but not other two at environmentally relevant concentrations (<3.8 μg/L). In addition, measured suspected monohydroxylated metabolite brain gill tissues for The internal (ILC50) estimated be 4.0 μg/kg wet weight 6.2 while tissue surviving exceeded ILC50 values pluvius. These results suggest might affected by toxicodynamic factors well toxicokinetics.

Язык: Английский

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Widespread N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine Quinone in Size-Fractioned Atmospheric Particles and Dust of Different Indoor Environments

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(5), С. 420 - 425

Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2022

Transformed from the antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD), emerging toxicant 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) has received extensive attention because of its potential toxic effects. However, evidence on size distribution patterns atmospheric particles and environmental occurrence remains limited. We determined 6-PPDQ pollution levels in eight size-segregated (0.43–10 μm) four waste recycling plants dust samples six typical indoor compartments South China. tended to accumulate coarse (9–10 with highest concentrations (7.78–23.2 pg m–3). Model simulations revealed that deposition efficiency (flux) particle-bound were 89%–91% (10.8–39.1 h–1), 3.2%–3.8% (0.45–1.64 6.0%–6.9% (0.80–2.85 h–1) workers' head airways, tracheobronchial, pulmonary alveoli areas respiratory tracts, respectively. The matrix was not main carrier 6-PPDQ, lower multiple environments than those suspended air particles. In-vehicle rubber-related places seemed be most polluted by this ozone-initiated quinone. Our study further enriches knowledge ubiquitous distributions 6-PPDQ. Additional toxicity experiments should conducted using based high exposure risk for humans upper tract via inhalation.

Язык: Английский

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Chiral perspective evaluations: Enantioselective hydrolysis of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone in water and enantioselective toxicity to Gobiocypris rarus and Oncorhynchus mykiss

Environment International, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 166, С. 107374 - 107374

Опубликована: Июнь 27, 2022

As a ubiquitous tire antidegradant, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is persistently released into the environment. It highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and its transformation product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), "very toxic" Oncorhynchus kisutch at median lethal concentration (LC50) of < 0.1 ng/mL. Notably, 6PPD 6PPD-Q are chiral compounds. Here, enantioselective evaluations, including hydrolysis acute toxicity were conducted after preparing enantiomer, confirming enantiomer absolute configuration establishing enantioseparation methods. In experiments, products 6PPD-Q, phenol, 4-[(1,3-dimethylbutyl)amino]- (4-DBAP) 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA) detected. different water solutions, 4-DBAP 4-HDPA was very fast (0.87-107 h), while half-lives (12.8-16.3 d) significantly longer than (4.83-64.1 h). At enantiomeric level, no conversion occurred. R-6PPD generated R-6PPD-Q, S-6PPD S-6PPD-Q, formation rate S-6PPD-Q 1.77 times faster R-6PPD-Q. terms toxicity, China-specific Gobiocypris rarus (LC50, 162-201 ng/mL), it had difference. 1.66-4.31 ng/mL) mykiss, which commercial importance, toxicities rac-6PPD-Q 1.9 2.6 higher Furthermore, concentrations R-6PPD-Q in solutions LC50 values O. species-specific, should raise concern. These results provide important information for environmental risk assessments especially from perspective enantiomers.

Язык: Английский

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