ACS Nano,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
7(3), С. 1850 - 1866
Опубликована: Март 20, 2013
Neuroscience
is
at
a
crossroads.
Great
effort
being
invested
into
deciphering
specific
neural
interactions
and
circuits.
At
the
same
time,
there
exist
few
general
theories
or
principles
that
explain
brain
function.
We
attribute
this
disparity,
in
part,
to
limitations
current
methodologies.
Traditional
neurophysiological
approaches
record
activities
of
one
neuron
neurons
time.
Neurochemical
focus
on
single
neurotransmitters.
Yet,
an
increasing
realization
circuits
operate
emergent
levels,
where
between
hundreds
thousands
neurons,
utilizing
multiple
chemical
transmitters,
generate
functional
states.
Brains
function
nanoscale,
so
tools
study
brains
must
ultimately
scale,
as
well.
Nanoscience
nanotechnology
are
poised
provide
rich
toolkit
novel
methods
explore
by
enabling
simultaneous
measurement
manipulation
activity
even
millions
neurons.
others
refer
goal
Brain
Activity
Mapping
Project.
In
Nano
Focus,
we
discuss
how
recent
developments
nanoscale
analysis
design
synthesis
nanomaterials
have
generated
optical,
electrical,
can
readily
be
adapted
for
use
neuroscience.
These
represent
exciting
areas
technical
development
research.
Moreover,
unique
opportunities
nanoscientists,
nanotechnologists,
other
physical
scientists
engineers
contribute
tackling
challenging
problems
involved
understanding
fundamentals
Defensive
behaviors
reflect
underlying
emotion
states,
such
as
fear.
The
hypothalamus
plays
a
role
in
behaviors,
but
prevailing
textbook
views
depict
it
an
effector
of
upstream
centers,
the
amygdala,
rather
than
center
itself.
We
used
optogenetic
manipulations
to
probe
function
specific
hypothalamic
cell
type
that
mediates
innate
defensive
responses.
These
neurons
are
sufficient
drive
multiple
actions,
and
required
for
diverse
contexts.
behavioral
consequences
activating
these
neurons,
moreover,
exhibit
properties
characteristic
states
general,
including
scalability,
(negative)
valence,
generalization
persistence.
Importantly,
can
also
condition
learned
behavior,
further
refuting
long-standing
claims
is
unable
support
emotional
learning
therefore
not
center.
data
indicate
integral
instantiate
simply
passive
centers.
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
20(12), С. 1036 - 1046
Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2017
Anhedonia
is
considered
a
core
feature
of
major
depressive
disorder,
and
the
dopamine
system
plays
pivotal
role
in
hedonic
deficits
described
this
disorder.
Dopaminergic
activity
complex
under
regulation
multiple
brain
structures,
including
ventral
subiculum
hippocampus
basolateral
amygdala.
Whereas
basic
clinical
studies
demonstrate
dopaminergic
depression,
origin
these
likely
lies
dysregulation
its
regulatory
afferent
circuits.
This
review
explores
current
information
regarding
modulation
relevance
to
as
well
some
system-level
effects
novel
antidepressants
such
agomelatine
ketamine.
