The
skeleton
is
a
highly
innervated
organ
in
which
nerve
fibers
interact
with
various
skeletal
cells.
Peripheral
endings
release
neurogenic
factors
and
sense
signals,
mediate
bone
metabolism
pain.
In
recent
years,
tissue
engineering
has
increasingly
focused
on
the
effects
of
nervous
system
regeneration.
Simultaneous
regeneration
nerves
through
use
materials
or
by
enhancement
endogenous
repair
signals
been
proven
to
promote
functional
Additionally,
emerging
information
mechanisms
interoception
central
regulation
homeostasis
provide
an
opportunity
for
advancing
biomaterials.
However,
comprehensive
reviews
this
topic
are
lacking.
Therefore,
review
provides
overview
relationship
between
regeneration,
focusing
applications.
We
discuss
novel
regulatory
explore
innovative
approaches
based
nerve-bone
interactions
Finally,
challenges
future
prospects
field
briefly
discussed.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
8(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2023
Abstract
Osteoarthritis
(OA)
is
a
chronic
degenerative
joint
disorder
that
leads
to
disability
and
affects
more
than
500
million
population
worldwide.
OA
was
believed
be
caused
by
the
wearing
tearing
of
articular
cartilage,
but
it
now
commonly
referred
as
whole-joint
initiated
with
biochemical
cellular
alterations
in
synovial
tissues,
which
histological
structural
changes
ends
up
whole
tissue
dysfunction.
Currently,
there
no
cure
for
OA,
partly
due
lack
comprehensive
understanding
pathological
mechanism
initiation
progression
disease.
Therefore,
better
signaling
pathways
key
molecules
involved
pathogenesis
crucial
therapeutic
target
design
drug
development.
In
this
review,
we
first
summarize
epidemiology
including
its
prevalence,
incidence
burdens,
risk
factors.
We
then
focus
on
roles
regulation
pathways,
such
Wnt/β-catenin,
NF-κB,
focal
adhesion,
HIFs,
TGFβ/ΒΜP
FGF
regulators
AMPK,
mTOR,
RUNX2
onset
development
OA.
addition,
factors
associated
MMPs,
ADAMTS/ADAMs,
PRG4,
are
discussed
detail.
Finally,
provide
updates
current
clinical
therapies
trials
biological
treatments
drugs
Research
advances
basic
knowledge
cartilage
biology
will
have
significant
impact
translational
value
developing
strategies.
Mucosal Immunology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
14(3), С. 555 - 565
Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2021
The
gastrointestinal
tract
is
densely
innervated
by
a
complex
network
of
neurons
that
coordinate
critical
physiological
functions.
Here,
we
summarize
recent
studies
investigating
the
crosstalk
between
gut-innervating
neurons,
resident
immune
cells,
and
epithelial
cells
at
homeostasis
during
infection,
food
allergy,
inflammatory
bowel
disease.
We
introduce
neuroanatomy
tract,
detailing
gut-extrinsic
neuron
populations
from
spinal
cord
brain
stem,
intrinsic
enteric
nervous
system.
highlight
roles
these
play
in
regulating
functions
innate
adaptive
intestinal
cells.
discuss
consequences
such
signaling
for
mucosal
immunity.
Finally,
how
microbiota
integrated
into
neuro-immune
axis
tuning
neuronal
interactions.
Understanding
molecular
events
governing
axes
will
enhance
our
knowledge
physiology
may
provide
novel
therapeutic
targets
to
treat
diseases.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Ноя. 25, 2020
Since
its
discovery
in
1975,
TNFα
has
been
a
subject
of
intense
study
as
it
plays
significant
roles
both
immunity
and
cancer.
Such
attention
is
well
deserved
unique
engagement
pleiotropic
signaling
via
two
receptors:
TNFR1
TNFR2.
Extensive
research
yielded
mechanistic
insights
into
how
single
cytokine
can
provoke
disparate
range
cellular
responses,
from
proliferation
survival
to
apoptosis
necrosis.
Understanding
the
intracellular
pathways
induced
by
this
receptors
key
further
revelation
exact
functions
many
disease
states
immune
responses
which
role.
In
review,
we
describe
complexes
formed
TNFR2
that
lead
each
potential
response,
namely,
canonical
non-canonical
NF-κB
activation,
This
followed
discussion
data
vivo
mouse
human
studies
examine
differential
impacts
versus
signaling.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
103(2), С. 1487 - 1564
Опубликована: Дек. 15, 2022
Of
all
the
organ
systems
in
body,
gastrointestinal
tract
is
most
complicated
terms
of
numbers
structures
involved,
each
with
different
functions,
and
types
signaling
molecules
utilized.
The
digestion
food
absorption
nutrients,
electrolytes,
water
occurs
a
hostile
luminal
environment
that
contains
large
diverse
microbiota.
At
core
regulatory
control
digestive
defensive
functions
enteric
nervous
system
(ENS),
complex
neurons
glia
gut
wall.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
1)
intrinsic
neural
involved
2)
how
ENS
interacts
immune
system,
microbiota,
epithelium
to
maintain
mucosal
defense
barrier
function.
We
highlight
developments
have
revolutionized
our
understanding
physiology
pathophysiology
control.
These
include
new
molecular
architecture
ENS,
organization
function
motor
circuits,
roles
glia.
explore
transduction
stimuli
by
enteroendocrine
cells,
regulation
intestinal
glia,
local
role
microbiota
regulating
structure
ENS.
Multifunctional
work
together
glial
macrophages,
interstitial
cells
integrating
an
array
signals
initiate
outputs
are
precisely
regulated
space
time
homeostasis.
