Why are females less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in childhood than males?

The Lancet Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11(4), С. 303 - 310

Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2024

ADHD is less likely to be diagnosed in females than males, especially childhood. Females also typically receive the diagnosis later males and are prescribed medication. Understanding why these sex differences clinical care treatment for occur key improving timely people affected by ADHD. This Personal View a conceptual review synthesising literature on this topic. publication considers potential biological explanations (eg, genetic factors), influence of diagnostic practices criteria suitability, overshadowing, sex-specific thresholds), sociocultural presentation compensatory behaviours), observed practice. outlines future research directions understanding recognition

Язык: Английский

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Slow but Steady: Similarities and Differences in Executive Functioning Between Autistic and Non‐Autistic Adults

Autism Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 13, 2025

ABSTRACT Prior research has established differences between autistic and non‐autistic individuals across the domains of executive function (EF). While some early theories portrayed these as universal to autism spectrum, recent findings have been quite mixed. Factors like small samples, components EF being measured, age intelligence quotient (IQ) those compared may contribute this diversity in results. Moreover, suggests performance over time might fluctuate different patterns for individuals. To test possible influence factors upon them, we recruited a sample 900 participants (with generally average/above average IQ levels) from 18 77 years age. They completed battery tasks measuring inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, attentional orienting social nonsocial cues. We found that was similar groups our primary measures EF, although were consistently slower, more susceptible effects spatial cueing, prone certain errors memory task. Differences not influenced by participants' age, gender, or IQ. Performance varied only adults still face related challenges real life, suggest does necessarily imply dysfunction on basic level, contradicting assuming impairments therein. lack included demographic explanations discrepancies literature lie elsewhere.

Язык: Английский

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Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in early adolescence

Human Brain Mapping, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 45(5)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024

Abstract There remains little consensus about the relationship between sex and brain structure, particularly in early adolescence. Moreover, few pediatric neuroimaging studies have analyzed both gender as variables of interest—many which included small sample sizes relied on binary definitions gender. The current study examined diversity with a continuous felt‐gender score categorized based X Y allele frequency large children ages 9–11 years old ( N = 7195). Then, statistical model‐building approach was employed to determine whether independently or jointly relate morphology, including subcortical volume, cortical thickness, gyrification, white matter microstructure. Additional sensitivity analyses found that male versus female differences gyrification were largely accounted for by total rather than per se. model sex, but not diversity, best‐fitting 60.1% gray regions 61.9% after adjusting volume. proportion variance negligible all cases. While models explained greater amount regions, alone significant predictor its own any examined. Overall, these findings demonstrate at old, accounts while is directly associated neurostructural diversity.

Язык: Английский

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Brain-charting autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals distinct and overlapping neurobiology

Biological Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2024

Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions with complex underlying neurobiology that is still poorly understood. Despite overlapping presentation sex-biased prevalence, autism ADHD rarely studied together sex differences often overlooked. Population modeling, referred to as normative provides a unified framework for studying age-specific sex-specific divergences in brain development.

Язык: Английский

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Social cognition in autism and ADHD

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 106022 - 106022

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Social cognition is a crucial capacity for social functioning. The last decades have seen plethora of research in neurodevelopmental conditions, foremost autism and, to lesser extent, ADHD, both characterized by challenges. multifaceted construct comprising various overlapping subdomains, such as Theory Mind/mentalizing, emotion recognition, and perception. Mechanisms underpinning are complex, including implicit explicit, cognitive affective, hyper- hypo-social information processing. This review explores the intricacies context ADHD. Research indicates altered performance on tests autism, compared neurotypical groups, with alterations having small but robust effect defining features autism. nature appears primarily relation ADHD groups show intermediate performance, appearing be influenced executive function difficulties. varies intellectual verbal abilities seems improve age skills interventions stimulant medication been shown test while mentalizing training effects less conclusive. A limitation field that constructs not well delineated. Further, most has embedded nativist approach rather than constructivist approach. former questioned ignoring environmental contributions, especially dimension mutual miscommunication between neurodivergent individuals.

Язык: Английский

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The Balance in the Head: How Developmental Factors Explain Relationships Between Brain Asymmetries and Mental Diseases

Brain Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(2), С. 169 - 169

Опубликована: Фев. 9, 2025

Cerebral lateralisation is a core organising principle of the brain that characterised by complex pattern hemispheric specialisations and interhemispheric interactions. In various mental disorders, functional and/or structural asymmetries are changed compared to healthy controls, these alterations may contribute primary symptoms cognitive impairments specific disorder. Since multiple genetic epigenetic factors influence both pathogenesis illness development asymmetries, it likely neural developmental pathways overlap or even causally intertwined, although timing, magnitude, direction interactions vary depending on However, underlying steps neuronal mechanisms still unclear. this review article, we briefly summarise what know about structural, functional, relationships outline hypothetical connections, which could be investigated in appropriate animal models. Altered cerebral features disorder, as trigger neuropathogenesis embedded asymmetrical organisation developing brain. Therefore, occurrence severity processing cognition probably cannot understood independently lateralised intra- networks. Conversely, impaired cellular processes can also hinder favourable asymmetry lead deficits particular.

Язык: Английский

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Sex differences in schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses: results from a 30-year health record registry

Archives of Women s Mental Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 27(1), С. 11 - 20

Опубликована: Сен. 20, 2023

Abstract This study investigated sociodemographic and clinical differences between the sexes in individuals affected by schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) who accessed outpatient mental health services. Within a retrospective cohort of 45,361 outpatients receiving care Ferrara (Italy) from 1991 to 2021, those with SSD diagnosis were compared for characteristics before after index date (when ICD-9: 295.*diagnosis was first recorded) assess early trajectory, age type diagnosis, severity illness indicated medication use, hospitalization, duration psychiatric care. Predictors discharge also investigated. Among 2439 patients, 1191 women (48.8%). Compared men, significantly older at visit (43.7 vs. 36.8 years) (47.8 40.6) peak frequency 48 (vs. 30). The most frequent last recorded delusional disorder (27.7%) or personality (24.3%) men depression (24%) (30.1%) women. After date, long-acting antipsychotics clozapine more frequently prescribed (46.5% 36.3%; 13.2% 9.4%, p < 0.05) mood stabilizers antidepressants (24.3% 21.1%; 50.1% 35.5%; 0.05). Women had fewer involuntary admissions (10.1% 13.6%) likely be discharged as time under increased ( = 0.009). adjusting covariates, sex not significant predictor discharge. Our confirmed that exist gender considerations might influence rapidity medications prescribed. These findings highlight need implement women-tailored approach specialist programs psychoses.

Язык: Английский

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Sex and mental health are related to subcortical brain microstructure

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 121(31)

Опубликована: Июль 23, 2024

Some mental health problems such as depression and anxiety are more common in females, while others autism attention deficit/hyperactivity (AD/H) males. However, the neurobiological origins of these sex differences poorly understood. Animal studies have shown substantial neuronal glial cell structure, human brain imaging only small differences, which largely reflect overall body size. Advanced diffusion MRI techniques can be used to examine intracellular, extracellular, free water signal contributions provide unique insights into microscopic cellular structure. extent exist metrics subcortical gray matter structures implicated psychiatric disorders is not known. Here, we show large sex-related microstructure regions, including hippocampus, thalamus, nucleus accumbens a sample young adults. Unlike conventional T1-weighted structural imaging, remained after adjustment for age volume. Further, thalamus amygdala were associated with depression, anxiety, AD/H, antisocial personality problems. Diffusion may mechanistic origin behavior over life course help bridge gap between findings from experimental, epidemiological, clinical research.

Язык: Английский

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Comparative neuroimaging of sex differences in human and mouse brain anatomy

eLife, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13

Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2024

In vivo neuroimaging studies have established several reproducible volumetric sex differences in the human brain, but causes of such are hard to parse. While mouse models useful for understanding cellular and mechanistic bases sex-specific brain development, there been no attempts formally compare neuroanatomical ascertain how well they translate. Addressing this question would shed critical light on use as a translational model provide insights into degree which volume conserved across mammals. Here, we structural magnetic resonance imaging conduct first comparative study neuroanatomy brain. line with previous findings, observe that humans, males significantly larger more variable total volume; these not mirrored mice. After controlling volume, modest cross-species congruence effect size 60 homologous regions (r=0.30). This is greater cortex (r=0.33) than non-cortex (r=0.16). By incorporating regional measures gene expression both species, reveal cortical also show profile 2835 genes. phenomenon differentiates primary sensory high effects from limbic cortices where features was weaker between species. These findings help identify aspects sex-biased anatomy present mice retained, lost, or inverted humans. More broadly, our work provides an empirical basis targeting development best echo

Язык: Английский

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Comparative neuroimaging of sex differences in human and mouse brain anatomy

eLife, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13

Опубликована: Март 15, 2024

In vivo neuroimaging studies have established several reproducible volumetric sex differences in the human brain, but causes of such are hard to parse. While mouse models useful for understanding cellular and mechanistic bases sex-specific brain development, there been no attempts formally compare neuroanatomical ascertain how well they translate. Addressing this question would shed critical light on use as a translational model provide insights into degree which volume conserved across mammals. Here, we structural magnetic resonance imaging conduct first comparative study neuroanatomy brain. line with previous findings, observe that humans, males significantly larger more variable total volume; these not mirrored mice. After controlling volume, modest cross-species congruence effect size 60 homologous regions ( r =0.30). This is greater cortex =0.33) than non-cortex =0.16). By incorporating regional measures gene expression both species, reveal cortical also show profile 2835 genes. phenomenon differentiates primary sensory high effects from limbic cortices where features was weaker between species. These findings help identify aspects sex-biased anatomy present mice retained, lost, or inverted humans. More broadly, our work provides an empirical basis targeting development best echo

Язык: Английский

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