Pathogenic mechanisms and control strategies of Botrytis cinerea causing post-harvest decay in fruits and vegetables

Food Quality and Safety, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 2(3), С. 111 - 119

Опубликована: Июль 24, 2018

Botrytis cinerea is a significant necrotrophic plant pathogen causing devastating diseases on more than 500 species, especially fresh fruits and vegetables, resulting in the economic losses ranging from $10 billion to $100 worldwide. This fungal invades nearly all parts of plants including stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds at both pre-harvest post-harvest stages. Due its wide host range huge that it causes, extensive investigations have been carried out effectively control this pathogen. It beneficial for exploring pathogenic mechanisms B. provide fundamental basis strategies. In recent years, tremendous progress has made understanding these genes regulatory pathways, as well strategies cinerea. Here, current knowledge will be summarized review.

Язык: Английский

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Regulators of plant biomass degradation in ascomycetous fungi

Biotechnology for Biofuels, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2017

Fungi play a major role in the global carbon cycle because of their ability to utilize plant biomass (polysaccharides, proteins, and lignin) as source. Due complexity heterogenic composition biomass, fungi need produce broad range degrading enzymes, matching (part of) prevalent substrate. This process is dependent on network regulators that not only control extracellular enzymes degrade but also metabolic pathways needed metabolize resulting monomers. review will summarize current knowledge regulation utilization compare differences between fungal species, focusing particular presence or absence involved this process.

Язык: Английский

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Metabolic Gene Clusters in Eukaryotes

Annual Review of Genetics, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 52(1), С. 159 - 183

Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2018

In bacteria, more than half of the genes in genome are organized operons. contrast, eukaryotes, functionally related usually dispersed across genome. There are, however, numerous examples functional clusters nonhomologous for metabolic pathways fungi and plants. Despite superficial similarities with operons (physical clustering, coordinate regulation), these have not originated by horizontal gene transfer from (unlike operons) typically transcribed separately rather as a single polycistronic message. This clustering phenomenon raises intriguing questions about origins clustered eukaryotes significance pathway function. Here we review plants, highlight commonalities differences, consider how form regulated. We also identify opportunities future research areas large-scale genomics, synthetic biology, experimental evolution.

Язык: Английский

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DHN melanin biosynthesis in the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea is based on two developmentally regulated key enzyme (PKS)‐encoding genes

Molecular Microbiology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 99(4), С. 729 - 748

Опубликована: Окт. 30, 2015

Summary B otrytis cinerea is the causal agent of gray mold disease in various plant species and produces grayish macroconidia and/or black sclerotia at end infection cycle. It has been suggested that pigmentation due to accumulation 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene ( DHN ) melanin. To unravel its basis regulation, putative melanogenic regulatory genes were identified functionally characterized. Unlike other melanin‐producing fungi, . Leotiomycetes contain two key enzyme PKS )‐encoding enzymes. Bcpks12 bcpks13 are developmentally regulated required for melanogenesis conidia respectively. BcYGH 1 converts BcPKS13 product contributes thereby conidial melanogenesis. In contrast, enzymes acting downstream conversion products BcBRN 2, BcSCD 1) both, sclerotial melanogenesis, suggesting follows a non‐linear pathway rather unusual secondary metabolic pathways. Regulation involves three pathway‐specific transcription factors TFs clustered with bcpks12 or developmental regulators such as light‐responsive Melanogenic dispensable vegetative mycelia proper growth virulence. However, melanin considered contribute longevity reproduction structures.

Язык: Английский

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How light affects the life of Botrytis

Fungal Genetics and Biology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 106, С. 26 - 41

Опубликована: Июнь 23, 2017

Fungi, like other organisms, actively sense the environmental light conditions in order to drive adaptive responses, including protective mechanisms against light-associated stresses, and regulate development. Ecological niches are characterized by different regimes, for instance is absent underground, spectra from sunlight changed underwater or under canopy of foliage due absorption distinct wavelengths bacterial, algal plant pigments. Considering fact that fungi have evolved adapt their habitats, complexities 'visual' systems may vary significantly. Fungi pathogenic on plants experience a special regime because host always seeks optimum photosynthesis – pathogen has cope with this environment. When lives indirectly exposed sunlight, it confronted an altered spectrum enriched green far-red light. Botrytis cinerea, gray mold fungus, aggressive mainly infecting above-ground parts plant. As outlined review, Leotiomycete maintains highly sophisticated signaling machinery, integrating (near)-UV, blue, green, red signals use at least eleven potential photoreceptors trigger variety i.e. protection (pigmentation, enzymatic systems), morphogenesis (conidiation, apothecial development), entrainment circadian clock, positive negative tropism multicellular (conidiophores, apothecia) unicellular structures (conidial germ tubes). In sense, 'looking through eyes' will expand our knowledge fungal photobiology.

Язык: Английский

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Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 95(5), С. 1198 - 1232

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2020

The question of how phenotypic and genomic complexity are inter-related they shaped through evolution is a central in biology that historically has been approached from the perspective animals plants. In recent years, however, fungi have emerged as promising alternative system to address such questions. Key their ecological success, present broad diverse range traits. Fungal cells can adopt many different shapes, often within single species, providing them with great adaptive potential. cellular organizations span unicellular forms complex, macroscopic multicellularity, multiple transitions higher or lower levels occurring throughout evolutionary history fungi. Similarly, fungal genomes very architecture. Deep changes genome organization occur quickly, these phenomena known mediate rapid adaptations environmental changes. Finally, biochemical huge, particularly regard secondary metabolites, chemical products aspects biology, including interactions. Herein, we explore interplay cellular, metabolic traits mediates emergence complex phenotypes, this Fungi.

Язык: Английский

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The Destructive Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea—Insights from Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis

Pathogens, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 9(11), С. 923 - 923

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2020

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens affecting numerous plant hosts, including many important crop species. As a molecularly under-studied organism, its genome was only sequenced at beginning this century and it recently updated with improved gene annotation completeness. In review, we summarize key molecular studies on B. developmental pathogenesis processes, specifically genes studied comprehensively mutant analysis. Analyses these have unveiled in biological processes pathogen, hyphal growth, sclerotial formation, conidiation, pathogenicity melanization. addition, our synthesis has uncovered gaps present knowledge regarding development virulence mechanisms. We hope review will serve to enhance mechanisms behind notorious pathogen.

Язык: Английский

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Transcription factor control of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi

Molecular Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(7), С. 858 - 881

Опубликована: Май 11, 2021

Plant-pathogenic fungi are a significant threat to economic and food security worldwide. Novel protection strategies required therefore it is critical we understand the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause disease. Virulence factors pathogenicity genes have been identified, but in many cases their roles remain elusive. It becoming increasingly clear that gene regulation vital enable plant infection transcription play an essential role. Efforts determine regulatory functions plant-pathogenic expanded since annotation of fungal genomes revealed ubiquity from broad range families. This review establishes significance as elements provides systematic overview those functionally characterized. Detailed analysis provided on regulators well-characterized families controlling various aspects metabolism, development, stress tolerance, production virulence such effectors secondary metabolites. covers conserved with either specialized or nonspecialized roles, well recently identified targeting key pathways. Fundamental knowledge factor avenues identify novel improve our understanding networks linked pathogen evolution, while can themselves be specifically targeted for disease control. Areas requiring further insight regarding molecular and/or specific classes direction future investigation presented.

Язык: Английский

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Plastic Transcriptomes Stabilize Immunity to Pathogen Diversity: The Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Networks within the Arabidopsis/Botrytis Pathosystem

The Plant Cell, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 29(11), С. 2727 - 2752

Опубликована: Окт. 17, 2017

To respond to pathogen attack, selection and associated evolution has led the creation of plant immune system that are a highly effective inducible defense system. Central this hormones jasmonic acid (JA) salicylic (SA) crosstalk between two, which may play an important role in responses specific pathogens or even genotypes. Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem test how host's functions against genetic variation pathogen. We measured defense-related phenotypes transcriptomic wild-type Col-0 JA- SA-signaling mutants, coi1-1 npr1-1, individually challenged with 96 diverse B. isolates. Those data showed influences on all components within at transcriptional level. identified four gene coexpression networks two vectors triggered by This JA SA signaling pathways functioned constrain/canalize range virulence population, but underlying response was plastic. These plants utilize major hormone buffer disease resistance, not metabolic

Язык: Английский

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Investigations on VELVET regulatory mutants confirm the role of host tissue acidification and secretion of proteins in the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 219(3), С. 1062 - 1074

Опубликована: Май 23, 2018

Summary The Botrytis cinere a VELVET complex regulates light‐dependent development and virulence. goal of this study was to identify common virulence defects several mutants reveal their molecular basis. Growth, differentiation, physiology, gene expression infection fungal strains were analyzed, quantitative comparisons in planta transcriptomes secretomes performed. showed reduced release citric acid, the major acid secreted by wild‐type, whereas no significant role for oxalic observed. Furthermore, set infection‐related proteins strongly underexpressed mutants. Quantitative secretome analysis with 15 N metabolic labeling revealed correlation changes protein mRNA levels between wild‐type mutants, indicating that transcript determine abundance proteins. Infection sites kept at low pH partially restored lesion expansion genes Drastic downregulation proteases correlated incomplete degradation cellular host site, but evidence obtained aspartyl are required formation. B. cinerea controls pathogenic differentiation regulating organic secretion, tissue acidification, secretion.

Язык: Английский

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