The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 99(4), С. 1877 - 2013

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Язык: Английский

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The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 37(5), С. 634 - 663

Опубликована: Июнь 24, 2013

Microbial communities play a pivotal role in the functioning of plants by influencing their physiology and development. While many members rhizosphere microbiome are beneficial to plant growth, also pathogenic microorganisms colonize striving break through protective microbial shield overcome innate defense mechanisms order cause disease. A third group that can be found true opportunistic human bacteria, which carried on or tissue may disease when introduced into debilitated humans. Although importance for growth has been widely recognized, vast majority no knowledge exists. To enhance health, it is essential know microorganism present what they doing. Here, we review main functions how impact health We discuss involved multitrophic interactions chemical dialogues occur rhizosphere. Finally, highlight several strategies redirect reshape favor health.

Язык: Английский

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Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 18(1), С. 197 - 197

Опубликована: Янв. 19, 2017

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and fourth cause of cancer-related death. Most cases CRC are detected in Western countries, with its incidence increasing year by year. The probability suffering from colorectal about 4%–5% risk for developing associated personal features or habits such as age, chronic disease history lifestyle. In this context, gut microbiota has a relevant role, dysbiosis situations can induce colonic carcinogenesis through inflammation mechanism. Some bacteria responsible multiphase process include Fusobacterium spp, Bacteroides fragilis enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. caused mutations that target oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes related to DNA repair mechanisms. Depending on origin mutation, carcinomas be classified sporadic (70%); inherited (5%) familial (25%). pathogenic mechanisms leading situation included three types, namely chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite (MSI) CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Within these types CRC, mutations, changes translocations have been reported affect important pathways (WNT, MAPK/PI3K, TGF-β, TP53), mutations; particular, c-MYC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, SMAD2 SMAD4 used predictive markers patient outcome. addition gene alterations ncRNAs, lncRNA miRNA, also contribute different steps value when biomarkers. consequence, panels mRNA being developed improve prognosis treatment selection. choice first-line follows multimodal approach based tumour-related characteristics usually comprises surgical resection followed chemotherapy combined monoclonal antibodies proteins against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) epidermal receptor (EGFR). Besides traditional chemotherapy, alternative therapies (such agarose macrobeads, anti-inflammatory drugs, probiotics, gold-based drugs) currently studied increase effectiveness reduce side effects.

Язык: Английский

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Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12

Опубликована: Июнь 23, 2021

The novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of disease 2019 (COVID-19). Across the globe, subset patients who sustain an SARS-CoV-2 infection are developing wide range persistent symptoms that do not resolve over course many months. These being given diagnosis Long COVID or Post-acute sequelae COVID-19 (PASC). It is likely individual with PASC have different underlying biological factors driving their symptoms, none which mutually exclusive. This paper details mechanisms by RNA viruses beyond just be connected to long-term health consequences. also reviews literature on and other virus-initiated chronic syndromes such as post-Ebola myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue (ME/CFS) discuss scenarios for symptom development. Potential contributors include consequences from injury one multiple organs, reservoirs in certain tissues, re-activation neurotrophic pathogens herpesviruses under conditions immune dysregulation, interactions host microbiome/virome communities, clotting/coagulation issues, dysfunctional brainstem/vagus nerve signaling, ongoing activity primed cells, autoimmunity due molecular mimicry between pathogen proteins. individualized nature suggests therapeutic approaches may required best manage care specific diagnosis.

Язык: Английский

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Insights into the Coral Microbiome: Underpinning the Health and Resilience of Reef Ecosystems

Annual Review of Microbiology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 70(1), С. 317 - 340

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2016

Corals are fundamental ecosystem engineers, creating large, intricate reefs that support diverse and abundant marine life. At the core of a healthy coral animal is dynamic relationship with microorganisms, including mutually beneficial symbiosis photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) enduring partnerships an array bacterial, archaeal, fungal, protistan, viral associates, collectively termed holobiont. The combined genomes this holobiont form hologenome, genomic interactions within hologenome ultimately define phenotype. Here we integrate contemporary scientific knowledge regarding ecological, host-specific, environmental forces shaping diversity, specificity, distribution microbial symbionts holobiont, explore physiological pathways contribute to fitness, describe potential mechanisms for homeostasis. Understanding role microbiome in resilience, acclimation, adaptation new frontier reef science will require large-scale collaborative research efforts.

Язык: Английский

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The Human Microbiome: Our Second Genome

Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 13(1), С. 151 - 170

Опубликована: Июнь 16, 2012

The human genome has been referred to as the blueprint of biology. In this review we consider an essential but largely ignored overlay that blueprint, microbiome, which is composed those microbes live in and on our bodies. microbiome a source genetic diversity, modifier disease, component immunity, functional entity influences metabolism modulates drug interactions. Characterization analysis have greatly catalyzed by advances genomic technologies. We discuss how these technologies shaped emerging field study advanced understanding microbiome. also identify future challenges, many are common studies, predict future, analyzing variation risk disease will sometimes necessitate integration microbial data sets.

Язык: Английский

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The microbiome of the urinary tract—a role beyond infection

Nature Reviews Urology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 12(2), С. 81 - 90

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2015

Язык: Английский

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The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 17(20), С. 7618 - 7618

Опубликована: Окт. 19, 2020

The gut microbiota encompasses a diverse community of bacteria that carry out various functions influencing the overall health host. These comprise nutrient metabolism, immune system regulation and natural defence against infection. presence certain is associated with inflammatory molecules may bring about inflammation in body tissues. Inflammation underlies many chronic multisystem conditions including obesity, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus bowel disease. be triggered by structural components which can result cascade pathways involving interleukins other cytokines. Similarly, by-products metabolic processes bacteria, some short-chain fatty acids, play role inhibiting processes. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview relationship between highlight relevant knowledge gaps field. Based on current literature, it appears as composition differs individuals contingent variety factors like diet genetics, possess pro-inflammatory effects whilst others harbour those anti-inflammatory effects. Recent technological advancements have allowed for better methods characterising microbiota. Further research continually improve our understanding interact elucidate reasons behind varying presentations same disease varied responses treatment different individuals. Furthermore, inform clinical practice microbes employed probiotic therapies or used identify suitable prebiotic therapies.

Язык: Английский

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The Gut Microbiome Alterations and Inflammation-Driven Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease—a Critical Review

Molecular Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 56(3), С. 1841 - 1851

Опубликована: Июнь 23, 2018

One of the most important scientific discoveries recent years was disclosure that intestinal microflora takes part in bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Scientists suggest human may even act as "second brain" be responsible for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although human-associated microbial communities are generally stable, they can altered by common actions experiences. Enteric bacteria, commensal, pathogenic microorganisms, have a major impact on immune system, brain development, behavior, able to produce several neurotransmitters neuromodulators serotonin, kynurenine, catecholamine, etc., well amyloids. However, destructive mechanisms, lead dementia AD, start with microbiome dysbiosis, development local systemic inflammation, dysregulation gut-brain axis. Increased permeability epithelial barrier results invasion different viruses, their neuroactive products support neuroinflammatory reactions It seems that, inflammatory-infectious hypothesis great role microbiome, starts gently push into shadow amyloid cascade has dominated decades. is strongly postulated AD begin gut, closely related imbalance microbiota. This promising area therapeutic intervention. Modulation microbiota through personalized diet or beneficial intervention, alter partners including protein, will probably become new treatment AD.

Язык: Английский

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The influence of the microbiome on respiratory health

Nature Immunology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 20(10), С. 1279 - 1290

Опубликована: Сен. 9, 2019

Язык: Английский

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