Abstract
Background
Oral
leukoplakia(OLK)
is
a
common
oral
potentially
malignant
disorder.
The
global
prevalence
of
solely
OLK
was
published
in
2003,
while
the
varied
among
different
studies.
In
recent
years,
large-scale
summary
and
definition-related
analyses
obtain
insufficient
attention.
This
study
aimed
to
perform
systematic
review
studies
leukoplakia
assess
predisposing
factors
its
occurrence.
Methods
search
terms
("Oral
leukoplakia"
OR
leukoplakia)
AND
(prevalence
incidence
epidemiology)
were
searched
databases
(Pubmed,
Embase,
Scopus,
Web
Science)
for
from
January
1996
until
December
2022.
estimated
calculation
risk
bias
analysis
used
STATA
16.0.
Results
We
obtained
69
studies,
including
1,263,028
participants,
28
countries,
6
continents.
1.39%,
varying
0.12
33.33%.
overall
pooled
2.23%
population-based
1.36%
clinic-based
population
9.10%
specific
populations.
continents
ranged
0.33
11.74%
with
statistical
difference
calculation.
higher
males
than
females.
Those
who
smoked
consumed
alcohol
had
those
did
not.
Conclusion
Combining
data
determined
as
1.39%
pooling
3.41%.
relatively
consistent
stable
across
definitions.
A
found
males,
aged
over
60
years
old,
smokers,
consumers.
results
included
this
revealed
that
various
definitions
continents,
which
may
help
developing
treatment
prevention
strategies
leukoplakia.
Cancers,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(3), С. 608 - 608
Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2024
A
systematic
review
and
a
meta-analysis
is
presented
on
published
articles
the
malignant
transformation
of
oral
lichen
planus
(OLP)
related
conditions,
which,
based
current
evidence,
updates
an
earlier
by
our
research
group
that
included
publications
until
November
2018.
In
this
updated
study
(Nov-2023)
we
searched
MEDLINE,
Embase,
Web
Science,
Scopus.
We
evaluated
methodological
quality
studies
(QUIPS
tool)
carried
out
meta-analyses.
The
inclusion
criteria
were
met
101
(38,083
patients),
20
new
primary-level
(11,512
patients)
in
last
5
years
added
to
study.
pooled
ratio
was
1.43%
(95%
CI
=
1.09-1.80)
for
OLP;
1.38%
0.16-3.38)
lichenoid
lesions;
1.20%
0.00-4.25)
reactions;
5.13%
1.90-9.43)
OLP
with
dysplasia.
No
significant
differences
found
between
OLL
or
LR
groups
subgroup
(
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
26(6), С. 2528 - 2528
Опубликована: Март 12, 2025
Oral
potentially
malignant
disorders
(OPMDs)
are
conditions
that
carry
an
increased
risk
of
transformation,
including
oral
leukoplakia
and
lichen
planus.
Current
management
approaches
differ
based
on
each
condition’s
unique
etiology
pathophysiology,
but
all
available
treatment
methods
have
notable
limitations.
This
has
prompted
continued
efforts
to
identify
more
effective
therapeutic
options.
Photodynamic
therapy
(PDT)
emerged
as
a
minimally
invasive
yet
potent
alternative
for
treating
OPMDs.
systematic
review
examines
the
efficacy
PDT
mediated
by
toluidine
blue
chlorin-e6
(Photolon)
in
managing
Following
PRISMA
guidelines,
eight
relevant
studies
published
between
2010
2024
were
included.
Data
study
design,
protocols,
light
parameters,
photosensitizer
characteristics
collected
evaluate
outcomes.
The
reviewed
evidence
suggests
toluidine-blue-
chlorin-e6-mediated
holds
promise
modality
OPMDs,
especially
planus
leukoplakia.
Studies
indicate
its
potential
or
adjunct
therapy,
particularly
symptomatic
refractory
However,
discrepancies
designs
coupled
with
limited
number
trials,
impeded
direct
comparisons.
Toluidine-blue-
shows
significant
option
Nonetheless,
further
investigations—including
large-scale
randomized
controlled
standardized
exploration
additional
OPMDs
beyond
leukoplakia—are
necessary
order
fully
establish
clinical
utility
facilitate
widespread
adoption.
Abstract
There
is
a
growing
level
of
interest
in
the
potential
role
inflammation
has
on
initiation
and
progression
malignancy.
Notable
examples
include
Helicobacter
pylori
-mediated
gastric
cancer
more
recently
Fusobacterium
nucleatum
colorectal
cancer.
Gram-negative
anaerobic
bacterium
that
was
first
isolated
from
oral
cavity
identified
as
periodontal
pathogen.
Biofilms
squamous
cell
carcinomas
are
enriched
with
pathogens,
including
F.
nucleatum,
which
prompted
hypotheses
this
could
contribute
to
development.
Recent
studies
have
demonstrated
can
promote
by
several
mechanisms;
activation
proliferation,
promotion
cellular
invasion,
induction
chronic
immune
evasion.
This
review
provides
an
update
association
between
carcinogenesis,
insights
into
possible
mechanisms
underlying
it.
Cancers,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
13(18), С. 4600 - 4600
Опубликована: Сен. 14, 2021
The
early
diagnosis
of
cancer
can
facilitate
subsequent
clinical
patient
management.
Artificial
intelligence
(AI)
has
been
found
to
be
promising
for
improving
the
diagnostic
process.
aim
present
study
is
increase
evidence
on
application
AI
oral
through
a
scoping
review.
A
search
was
performed
in
PubMed,
Web
Science,
Embase
and
Google
Scholar
databases
during
period
from
January
2000
December
2020,
referring
non-invasive
based
applied
screening.
Only
accessible
full-text
articles
were
considered.
Thirty-six
studies
included
detection
images
(photographs
(optical
imaging
enhancement
technology)
cytology)
with
models.
These
characterized
by
their
heterogeneous
nature.
Each
publication
involved
different
algorithm
potential
training
data
bias
few
comparative
interpretation.
may
play
an
important
role
precisely
predicting
development
cancer,
though
several
methodological
issues
need
addressed
parallel
advances
techniques,
order
allow
large-scale
transfer
latter
population-based
protocols.
Oral Diseases,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
27(8), С. 1908 - 1918
Опубликована: Дек. 4, 2020
Abstract
Objectives
We
present
a
critical
review
of
the
papers
published
in
international
scientific
literature
on
malignant
transformation
oral
lichen
planus
(OLP).
Our
aim
is
to
report
most
realistic
estimate
proportion
OLP
cases
with
based
highest
quality
evidence.
Materials
and
Methods
Following
search,
we
selected
89
that
were
this
topic
until
November
2020.
applied
these
an
adaptation
methodological
criteria
QUIPS
tool
ordered
all
them
according
their
quality.
The
upper
quartile
(10
papers)
analyzed.
Results
pooled
(expressed
as
percentage)
reported
high
was
2.28%
(95%
confidence
intervals
=
1.49–3.20).
Conclusions
observe
malignancy
higher
research
carried
out
under
strict
criteria.
In
review,
propose
for
conducting
follow‐up
studies
standards.
Oral Diseases,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
27(8), С. 2008 - 2025
Опубликована: Июль 29, 2021
Patients
with
oral
potentially
malignant
disorders
(OPMDs),
including
leukoplakia
and
erythroplakia,
proliferative
verrucous
leukoplakia,
submucous
fibrosis,
lichen
planus/lichenoid
lesions,
can
be
challenging
to
manage.
A
small
proportion
will
undergo
cancer
development
determining
a
patient's
risk
is
key
making
management
decisions.
Yet,
our
understanding
of
the
natural
history
OPMDs
has
not
been
fully
elucidated,
precision
approach
based
on
integration
numerous
predictive
markers
validated
by
prospective
studies.
Evidence-based
health
promotion
clinicians
healthcare
systems
embraced
universally.
Medical
surgical
interventions
evaluated
rigorous
research
measuring
important
endpoints,
such
as
development,
mortality,
or
survival,
are
difficult
expensive
run.
Most
these
studies
employ
non-ideal
surrogate
endpoints
have
deep
methodologic
flaws.
Diagnostic
criteria
for
enrolling
subjects
uniform,
patients
highest
comprise
proportions
those
enrolled.
Few
explore
quality
life
patient
preferences.
It
time
rethink
how
we
patients,
across
each
OPMD,
considering
infrastructure
cost-effectiveness.
Global
networks
well-characterized
populations
well-designed
interventional
trials
using
outcome
measures
needed.
Oral Diseases,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
27(8), С. 1919 - 1935
Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2021
A
systematic
review
of
reviews-aka
overview
reviews,
a
novel
type
study
design
providing
tertiary
level
evidence-is
presented
on
reviews
(SR)
and
meta-analyses
(MTA)
evaluating
the
cancer
development
in
oral
lichen
planus
(OLP),
lichenoid
lesions
(OLL),
reactions
(OLR).
We
searched
for
SR-MTA
published
before
January
2021.
evaluated
methodological
quality
using
AMSTAR2
checked
evidence.
Inclusion
criteria
were
met
by
seven
SR-MTA.
Oral
ratios
ranged
between
0.44%
2.28%
OLP,
1.88%
3.80%
OLL,
1.71%
OLR.
Significant
factors
reported
presence
epithelial
dysplasia,
consumption
tobacco
alcohol,
infection
hepatitis
C
virus,
atrophic
erosive
lesions,
location
tongue.
Only,
one
SRs
assessed
evidence,
most
them
judged
to
be
critically
low
quality.
In
conclusion,
based
evidence
incidence
our
results
reaffirm
classifying
OLP
as
an
potentially
malignant
disorder.
relation
OLLs
OLRs,
larger
studies
are
necessary
provide
further
scientific
this
regard.
Future
follow-up
related
should
carried
out
under
stricter
that
improve
their
Oral Diseases,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
27(8), С. 1936 - 1946
Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2020
This
systematic
review
and
meta-analysis
aimed
to
determine
the
proportion
of
patients
who
develop
oral
carcinomas
following
a
diagnosis
submucous
fibrosis
(OSF)
in
reported
longitudinal
studies.
We
also
evaluate
demographic
clinicopathological
factors
contributing
progression
OSF
cancer.Individual
search
strategies
were
applied
for
bibliographic
databases:
MEDLINE
by
PubMed,
Scopus,
Embase,
Web
Science,
Grey
literature
databases
until
August
30,
2020.
Methodological
assessment
risk
bias
included
studies
was
undertaken
using
modified
Newcastle-Ottawa
scale.
Meta-analyses
conducted
random-effects
(DerSimonian
Liard)
method
calculate
pooled
malignant
transformation
(MT)
patients.Out
585
records
screened,
total
9
observational
with
number
6,337
patients;
these,
292
cases
developed
carcinomas.
The
MT
4.2%
(95%
CI:
2.7%-5.6%)
an
annual
rate
0.73%.
Subgroup
analysis
revealed
that
significantly
higher
among
population-based
comparison
hospital-based
ones
(p
<
.005).
Most
showed
high
bias.
In
several
studies,
there
lack
information
about
characteristics
associated
indicators;
this
insufficiency
details
hindered
ability
conduct
further
subgroup
analyses.Despite
poorly
limited
our
confirms
close
4%
diagnosed
may
cancer.
Cases
epithelial
dysplasia
had
potential
transformation.
Oral Diseases,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
27(8), С. 1896 - 1907
Опубликована: Май 19, 2021
Abstract
Objectives
To
investigate
the
available
evidence
on
malignant
transformation
(MT)
of
oral
proliferative
verrucous
leukoplakia
(PVL).
Material
and
Methods
We
searched
six
main
electronic
three
grey
literature
databases
in
a
two‐phase
process.
Cohort
studies
investigating
MT
PVL
were
eligible
for
inclusion.
The
risk
bias
(RoB)
was
assessed
using
specific
tool
developed
by
Joanna
Briggs
Institute.
Proportion
meta‐analyses
performed
random‐effects
model.
Results
Study
selection
resulted
inclusion
17
studies.
pooled
proportion
43.87%
(95%
CI
=
31.93–56.13).
Females
(64.02%,
95%
54.87–72.75)
more
affected
than
males
(35.98%,
27.25–45.13).
Gingiva
(39.6%)
buccal
mucosa
(21.6%)
most
frequent
sites.
No
conclusive
results
found
between
sex
or
age
distribution,
tobacco,
alcohol
consumption.
common
site
(39.9%),
histopathological
subtype
conventional
squamous
cell
carcinoma
(62.1%).
Four
classified
as
low,
nine
moderate,
four
high
RoB.
Conclusion
43.87%.
Among
OPMDs,
has
highest
to
transform
malignancy.
Development
agreement
diagnostic
criteria
would
reduce
heterogeneity
among
future
Clinical Oral Investigations,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
26(2), С. 1391 - 1408
Опубликована: Авг. 30, 2021
Abstract
Objectives
We
present
this
systematic
review
and
meta-analyses
to
evaluate
current
evidence
on
the
prevalence
of
depression,
anxiety,
stress
in
patients
with
oral
lichen
planus
their
magnitude
association.
Material
methods
searched
PubMed,
Embase,
Web
Science,
Scopus,
PsycInfo,
Google
Scholar
for
studies
published
before
January
2021.
evaluated
quality
using
a
specific
method
reviews
addressing
questions,
designed
by
Joanna
Briggs
Institute.
carried
out
performed
heterogeneity,
subgroups,
meta-regression,
small-study
effects
analyses.
Results
Fifty-one
(which
recruited
6,815
patients)
met
inclusion
criteria.
Our
results
reveal
high
depression
(31.19%),
anxiety
(54.76%),
(41.10%)
planus.
Furthermore,
OLP
presented
significantly
higher
relative
frequency
than
control
group
without
(OR
=
6.15,
95%
CI
2.73–13.89,
p
<
0.001),
3.51,
2.10–5.85,
3.64,
1.48–8.94,
0.005),
showing
large
effect
sizes.
Subgroups
showed
relevance
participation
psychologists
psychiatrists
diagnosis
OLP.
Multivariable
meta-regression
analysis
importance
comorbidity
depression-anxiety
Conclusions
meta-analysis
show
that
suffer
stress,
being
more
frequent
general
population.
Clinical
In
dental
clinic,
especially
dentists
should
be
aware
achieve
correct
referral.