Extinction risk and threats to plants and fungi

Plants People Planet, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 2(5), С. 389 - 408

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2020

Societal Impact Statement There is increasing awareness that plants and fungi, as natural solutions, can play an important role in tackling ongoing global environmental challenges. We illustrate how understanding current projected threats to fungi necessary manage mitigate risks, while building of gaps bias assessment coverage essential adequately prioritize conservation efforts. highlight the state art science point methods future studies needed species extinction. Summary Plant fungal biodiversity underpin life on earth merit careful stewardship increasingly uncertain environment. However, biases documented extinction risks plant impede effective management. Formal risk assessments help avoid extinctions, through engagement, financial, or legal mechanisms, but most lack assessments. Available cover c. 30% (ThreatSearch). Red List overrepresents woody perennials useful plants, underrepresents single‐country endemics. Fungal overrepresent well‐known are too few infer status trends. Proportions assessed vascular considered threatened vary between datasets: 37% (ThreatSearch), 44% (International Union for Conservation Nature Threatened Species). Our predictions, correcting several quantifiable biases, suggest 39% all with other remain unquantified, may affect our estimate. Preliminary trend data show moving toward Quantitative estimates based understate likely loss: they do not fully capture impacts climate change, slow‐acting threats, clustering risk, which could amplify loss evolutionary potential. The importance estimation support existing emerging initiatives grow intensify. This necessitates urgent strategic expansion efforts comprehensive risk.

Язык: Английский

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Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Evolution, distribution, and use

Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 378(6623)

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022

Madagascar's biota is hyperdiverse and includes exceptional levels of endemicity. We review the current state knowledge on past terrestrial freshwater biodiversity by compiling presenting comprehensive data species diversity, endemism, rates description human uses, in addition to an updated simplified map vegetation types. report a substantial increase records new science recent years; however, diversity evolution many groups remain practically unknown (e.g., fungi most invertebrates). Digitization efforts are increasing resolution richness patterns we highlight crucial role field- collections-based research for advancing identifying gaps our understanding, particularly as corresponds closely collection effort. Phylogenetic mirror that endemism analyzed groups. humid forests centers because their refugia rapid radiations. However, distinct other areas, such grassland-woodland mosaic Central Highlands spiny forest southwest, also biologically important despite lower richness. The documented uses Malagasy manifold, with much potential uncovering useful traits food, medicine, climate mitigation. presented here showcase Madagascar unique "living laboratory" understanding complex interactions between people nature. gathering analysis must continue accelerate if fully understand safeguard this subset Earth's biodiversity.

Язык: Английский

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A single polyploidization event at the origin of the tetraploid genome of Coffea arabica is responsible for the extremely low genetic variation in wild and cultivated germplasm

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Март 13, 2020

The genome of the allotetraploid species Coffea arabica L. was sequenced to assemble independently two component subgenomes (putatively deriving from C. canephora and eugenioides) perform a genome-wide analysis genetic diversity in cultivated coffee germplasm wild populations growing center origin species. We assembled total length 1.536 Gbp, 444 Mb 527 which were assigned eugenioides subgenomes, respectively, predicted 46,562 gene models, 21,254 22,888 eugeniodes subgenome, respectively. Through SNP genotyping 736 accessions, we analyzed its relationship with geographic distribution historical records. observed weak population structure due low-frequency derived alleles highly negative values Taijma's D, suggesting recent severe bottleneck, most likely resulting single event polyploidization, not only for but also entire This conclusion is strongly supported by forward simulations mutation accumulation. However, PCA revealed cline reflecting west-to-east geographical East Africa Arabian Peninsula. extremely low levels variation species, as consequence polyploidization event, make exploitation within breeding purposes less interesting than crop stress need introgression new variability diploid progenitors.

Язык: Английский

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A third of the tropical African flora is potentially threatened with extinction

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 5(11)

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2019

The tropical African flora is highly biodiverse, but around one in every three species potentially threatened with extinction.

Язык: Английский

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Sustainability strategies by companies in the global coffee sector

Business Strategy and the Environment, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 29(8), С. 3555 - 3570

Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2020

Abstract The coffee sector is facing several sustainability challenges. We ask whether addressing these transforming the entire or rather leading to market differentiation. Drawing on stakeholder theory and global value chain analysis, we analyse how approaches by examining efforts of a random sample 513 companies. also identify factors shaping adoption strategies. A third companies report no commitment sustainability, whereas another vague commitment. final tangible commitments sustainability. Company characteristics stakeholders affect scope type strategy chosen. Large, risk‐aware tend conduct ‘hands‐on’ governance, adopting internal practices along their chain. Small, consumer‐facing producers rely ‘hands‐off’ external voluntary standards. Several issues remain underaddressed most companies, including climate change deforestation. found indications potential greenwashing some Addressing not yet fully mainstreamed in sector, though ambitious leaders large actors signal increasing importance as part corporate social responsibility efforts. observe differentiation through with progressive strategies that align stakeholders, depending characteristics. Our results indicate notable reliance practices. There need for common indicators relevant all chain, which are consistent Sustainable Development Goals, transparent, mandatory reporting framework.

Язык: Английский

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Not so robust: Robusta coffee production is highly sensitive to temperature

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 26(6), С. 3677 - 3688

Опубликована: Март 29, 2020

Coffea canephora (robusta coffee) is the most heat-tolerant and 'robust' coffee species therefore considered more resistant to climate change than other types of production. However, optimum production range robusta has never been quantified, with current estimates its optimal mean annual temperature (22-30°C) based solely on climatic conditions native in Congo basin, Central Africa. Using 10 years yield observations from 798 farms across South East Asia coupled high-resolution precipitation data, we used hierarchical Bayesian modeling quantify robusta's for Our climate-based models explained variation well study area a cross-validated R2 = .51. We demonstrate that an below 20.5°C (or minimum/maximum ≤16.2/24.1°C), which markedly lower, by 1.5-9°C estimates. In middle currently assumed (mean temperatures over 25.1°C), yields are 50% lower compared ≤20.5°C found here. During growing season, every 1°C increase above 16.2/24.1°C corresponded declines ~14% or 350-460 kg/ha (95% credible interval). results suggest far sensitive previously thought. Current assessments, having 22°C, likely overestimating suitable ability contribute as under change. Robusta supplies 40% world's coffee, but potential could decline considerably change, jeopardizing multi-billion dollar industry livelihoods millions farmers.

Язык: Английский

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Shaded-Coffee: A Nature-Based Strategy for Coffee Production Under Climate Change? A Review

Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 6

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2022

Coffee is deemed to be a high-risk crop in light of upcoming climate changes. Agroforestry practices have been proposed as nature-based strategy for coffee farmers mitigate and adapt future climates. However, with agroforestry systems comes shade, highly contentious factor production terms potential yield reduction, well additional management needs interactions between shade trees pest disease. In this review, we summarize recent research relating the effects on (i) farmers' use perceptions, (ii) microenvironment, (iii) disease incidence, (iv) carbon assimilation phenology plants, (v) quality attributes (evaluated by bean size, biochemical compounds, cup tests), (vi) breeding new Arabica F1 hybrids Robusta clones systems, (vii) under change. Through work, begin decipher whether shaded are feasible improve sustainability anticipation challenging conditions. Further developing varieties adapted (exhibiting traits suitable stressors), refining extension tools selecting locally-adapted species policy economic incentives enabling adoption sustainable practices.

Язык: Английский

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Six new species of coffee (Coffea) from northern Madagascar

Kew Bulletin, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 76(3), С. 497 - 511

Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2021

Summary Six new species of Coffea are described as to science: callmanderi , C. darainensis kalobinonensis microdubardii, pustulata and rupicola . All six endemic northern Madagascar; four narrowly specific forest areas. Associated information, including distribution maps, conservation assessments, phenology taxonomic notes provided, two illustrated with line drawings.

Язык: Английский

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Influence of Various Factors on Caffeine Content in Coffee Brews

Foods, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10(6), С. 1208 - 1208

Опубликована: Май 27, 2021

Coffee brews are one of the most popular drinks. They consumed for caffeine and its stimulant properties. The study aimed to summarize data on influence various factors content in prepared with different methods. was carried out using a literature review from 2010–2020. PubMed Google Scholar databases were searched. Data collected by analyzing following factors: species, brewing time, water temperature, pressure, degree roast, grinding degree, type, water/coffee ratio as well other (such geographical origin). To sum up, converting 1 L brew, highest is that an espresso machine (portafilter), amount 7.5 g coffee blend (95% Robusta + 5% Arabica), (the volume brew 25 mL) at temperature 92 °C pressure 7 bar, but portion detected 50 poured 500 mL cold (25 °C) boiled.

Язык: Английский

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Vapour pressure deficit determines critical thresholds for global coffee production under climate change

Nature Food, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 3(10), С. 871 - 880

Опубликована: Окт. 13, 2022

Язык: Английский

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