Daily Local-Level Estimates of Ambient Wildfire Smoke PM_2.5 for the Contiguous US

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 56(19), С. 13607 - 13621

Опубликована: Сен. 22, 2022

Smoke from wildfires is a growing health risk across the US. Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of such exposure its population impacts requires separating smoke-driven pollutants non-smoke long time series to quantify measure impacts. We develop parsimonious accurate machine learning model daily wildfire-driven PM2.5 concentrations using combination ground, satellite, reanalysis data sources that are easy update. apply our contiguous US 2006 2020, generating estimates smoke over 10 km-by-10 km grid use these characterize levels trends in PM2.5. contributions have increased by up 5 μg/m3 Western last decade, reversing decades policy-driven improvements overall air quality, with fastest for higher income populations predominantly Hispanic populations. The number people locations at least 1 day above 100 per year has 27-fold including nearly 25 million 2020 alone. Our set can bolster efforts comprehensively understand drivers societal extremes wildfire smoke.

Язык: Английский

---

The Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5: an updated global fire emissions model for climate and chemistry applications

Geoscientific model development, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16(13), С. 3873 - 3891

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2023

Abstract. We present the Fire Inventory from National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) version 2.5 (FINNv2.5), a fire emissions inventory that provides publicly available of trace gases and aerosols various applications, including use in global regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. FINNv2.5 includes numerous updates to FINN 1 framework better represent burned area, vegetation burned, chemicals emitted. Major changes include active detections Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) at 375 m spatial resolution, which allows smaller fires be included processing. The calculation area has been updated such more rigorous approach is used aggregate detections, accounts larger enables using multiple satellite products simultaneously estimates. Fuel characterization factors have also FINNv2.5. Daily many are determined 2002–2019 (Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-only detections) 2012–2019 (MODIS + VIIRS detections). non-methane organic gas allocated species several commonly chemical mechanisms. compare against other widely inventories. performance as inputs transport model assessed with observations. Uncertainties estimates remain, particularly Africa South America during August–October southeast equatorial Asia March April. Recommendations future evaluation given.

Язык: Английский

---

Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX‐AQ)

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 128(2)

Опубликована: Дек. 30, 2022

Abstract The NOAA/NASA Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX‐AQ) experiment was a multi‐agency, inter‐disciplinary research effort to: (a) obtain detailed measurements of trace gas aerosol emissions from wildfires prescribed fires using aircraft, satellites ground‐based instruments, (b) make extensive suborbital remote sensing fire dynamics, (c) assess local, regional, global modeling fires, (d) strengthen connections observables the ground such as fuels fuel consumption satellite products burned area radiative power. From Boise, ID western were studied with NASA DC‐8 two NOAA Twin Otter aircraft. high‐altitude ER‐2 deployed Palmdale, CA observe some these in conjunction overpasses other Further conducted three mobile laboratories sites, 17 different forecast analyses for fire, air quality climate implications. Salina, KS investigated 87 smaller Southeast in‐situ data collection. Sampling by all platforms designed measure gases aerosols multiple transects capture chemical transformation perform observations smoke plumes under day night conditions. linked consumed power orbital collected during overflights sampling fuels.

Язык: Английский

---

A synergistic ozone-climate control to address emerging ozone pollution challenges

One Earth, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 6(8), С. 964 - 977

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2023

Tropospheric ozone threatens human health and crop yields, exacerbates global warming, fundamentally changes atmospheric chemistry. Evidence has pointed toward widespread increases in the troposphere, particularly surface is chemically complex difficult to abate. Despite past successes some regions, a solution new challenges of pollution warming climate remains unexplored. In this perspective, by compiling measurements at ∼4,300 sites worldwide between 2014 2019, we show emerging challenge pollution, featuring unintentional rise due uncoordinated emissions reduction increasing penalty. On basis shared emission sources, interactive chemical mechanisms, synergistic effects propose ozone-climate control strategy incorporating joint fine particulate matter. This presents an opportunity alleviate tropospheric forthcoming low-carbon transition.

Язык: Английский

---

Pollutant emissions from biomass burning: A review on emission characteristics, environmental impacts, and research perspectives

Particuology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 85, С. 296 - 309

Опубликована: Июль 28, 2023

Язык: Английский

---

Parameterizations of US wildfire and prescribed fire emission ratios and emission factors based on FIREX-AQ aircraft measurements

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(2), С. 929 - 956

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2024

Abstract. Extensive airborne measurements of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs), methane, nitrogen oxides, reduced species, and aerosol emissions from US wild prescribed fires were conducted during the 2019 NOAA/NASA Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Air Quality campaign (FIREX-AQ). Here, we report atmospheric enhancement ratios (ERs) inferred emission factors (EFs) for compounds measured board NASA DC-8 research aircraft nine wildfires one fire, which encompass a range vegetation types. We use photochemical proxies identify young smoke reduce effects chemical degradation our calculations. ERs EFs calculated FIREX-AQ observations agree within factor 2, with values reported previous laboratory field studies more than 80 % carbon- nitrogen-containing species. Wildfire are parameterized based correlations sum NMOGs reactive oxides (NOy) modified combustion efficiency (MCE) as well other signatures indicative flaming/smoldering combustion, including carbon monoxide (CO), dioxide (NO2), black aerosol. The primary NMOG correlates MCE an R2 0.68 slope −296 ± 51 g kg−1, consistent studies. mixing CO 0.98 137 4 ppbv per parts million by volume (ppmv) CO, demonstrating that can be estimated CO. Individual species correlate better NO2, NOy, More half NOy in fresh plumes is NO2 0.95 ratio 0.55 0.05 ppbv−1, highlighting fast photochemistry had already occurred sampled fire plumes. follows trends observed experiments increases exponentially MCE, due increased key at higher flaming combustion. These parameterizations will provide accurate boundary conditions modeling satellite plume chemistry evolution predict downwind formation secondary pollutants, ozone

Язык: Английский

---

Characteristics and evolution of brown carbon in western United States wildfires

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 22(12), С. 8009 - 8036

Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2022

Abstract. Brown carbon (BrC) associated with aerosol particles in western United States wildfires was measured between July and August 2019 aboard the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study. Two BrC measurement methods are investigated, highly spectrally resolved light absorption solvent (water methanol) extracts of collected filters situ bulk particle at three wavelengths (405, 532 664 nm) a photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS). A light-absorption closure analysis for 300 700 nm performed. The combined pure black material, including enhancements due internally mixed materials, plus soluble Mie-predicted factor conversion BrC, compared spectra from power law fit PAS wavelengths. For various parameters used, wavelength roughly 400 they agreed, lower individual component-predicted significantly exceeded higher consistently but more variable. Limitations extrapolation data below 405 missing species low solubility that strongly absorb may account differences. Based measurements closest fires, emission ratio PAS-measured relative monoxide (CO) average 0.13 Mm−1 ppbv−1; ratios also provided. As smoke moved away burning regions, evolution over time observed be complex; enhancement, depletion or constant levels age were all first 8 h after different plumes. Within following emissions, 4-nitrocatechol, well-characterized chromophore commonly found particles, largely depleted BrC. In descending plume where temperature increased by 15 K, 4-nitrocatechol dropped, possibly temperature-driven evaporation, remained unchanged. Evidence reactions ozone, related species, as pathway secondary formation under both high oxides nitrogen (NOx) conditions, while bleached regions ozone NOx, consistent complex behaviors laboratory studies. Although hours is variable, limited number aged (15 30 h) indicate net loss It yet determined how near-field affects characteristics longer timescales spatial scales, its environmental impacts likely greater.

Язык: Английский

---

Airborne Emission Rate Measurements Validate Remote Sensing Observations and Emission Inventories of Western U.S. Wildfires

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 56(12), С. 7564 - 7577

Опубликована: Май 17, 2022

Carbonaceous emissions from wildfires are a dynamic mixture of gases and particles that have important impacts on air quality climate. Emissions feed atmospheric models estimated using burned area fire radiative power (FRP) methods rely satellite products. These approaches show wide variability large uncertainties, their accuracy is challenging to evaluate due limited aircraft ground measurements. Here, we present novel method estimate plume-integrated total carbon speciated emission rates unique combination lidar remote sensing aerosol extinction profiles in situ measured constituents. We strong agreement between these aircraft-derived detailed area-based inventory distributes time Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite FRP observations (Fuel2Fire inventory, slope = 1.33 ± 0.04, r2 0.93, RMSE 0.27). Other more commonly used inventories strongly correlate with but wide-ranging over- under-predictions. A correlation found monoxide those derived the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) for five coincident sampling windows (slope 0.99 0.18; bias 28.5%). Smoke coefficients (g MJ–1) enable direct estimations primary gas observations, derive values many compounds emitted by temperate forest fuels, including several previously unreported species.

Язык: Английский

---

A newly developed Lagrangian chemical transport scheme: Part 1. Simulation of a boreal forest fire plume

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 880, С. 163232 - 163232

Опубликована: Апрель 4, 2023

Язык: Английский

---

The Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5: an updated global fire emissions model for climate and chemistry applications

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2023

Abstract. We present the Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5 (FINNv2.5), a fire emissions inventory that provides publicly available of trace gases and aerosols for various applications, including use in global regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. FINNv2.5 includes numerous updates to FINN 1 framework better represent burned area, vegetation burned, chemicals emitted. Major changes include active detections Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) at 375 m spatial resolution, which allows smaller fires be included processing. The calculation area has been updated such more rigorous approach is used aggregate detections, accounts larger enables using multiple satellite products simultaneously emission estimates. Fuel characterization factors have also FINNv2.5. Daily many are determined 2002–2019 (the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-only detections) 2012–2019 (MODIS+VIIRS detections). non-methane organic gas allocated species several commonly chemical mechanisms. compare against other widely inventories. performance as inputs transport model assessed with observations. Uncertainties estimates remain, recommendations future evaluation given.

Язык: Английский

---