Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: A comprehensive literature review and discussion of mechanisms

Journal of Neuroimmunology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 358, С. 577658 - 577658

Опубликована: Июль 10, 2021

Several neurological symptoms and complications have been described in association with COVID-19, such as anosmia, ageusia, encephalitis Guillain-Barré syndrome. Here, we review the literature describing SARS-CoV-2-induced manifestations provide a comprehensive discussion of proposed mechanisms underlying pathophysiology. First, analyse neuroinvasiveness potential coronavirus family based on previous SARS-CoV-1 studies. Then, describe current evidence COVID-19-induced nervous tissue damage, including processes behind brain vasculopathy cytokine storm. We also discuss detail anosmia Finally, summarised timeline main findings field. Future perspectives are presented, suggestions further investigations to clarify how SARS-COV-2 can affect CNS.

Язык: Английский

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Tocilizumab and COVID-19: Timing of Administration and Efficacy

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2022

Elevated concentrations of interleukin-6 have been demonstrated to be an important key factor in COVID-19 host immune impairment. It represents prognostic harm associated with infection by stimulating a vigorous proinflammatory response, leading the so-called “cytokine storm”. Therefore, immunomodulatory interventions targeting receptor antagonism investigated as potential treatments counterbalance dysregulation and support advantageous effects corticosteroids. Tocilizumab is recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that has gained much interest during pandemic antagonist. Various early observational studies reported beneficial tocilizumab. Moreover, consequent randomized controlled trials subsequently shown significant positive results about tocilizumab efficacy safety, focusing on outcomes like mortality, risk intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation, while others presented conflicting findings. In this review, we first described pathophysiology highlighting role interleukin-6. Furthermore, also discussed non-conclusive evidence used standard therapy all patients pneumonia, well its selected patients.

Язык: Английский

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The complementary roles of STAT3 and STAT1 in cancer biology: insights into tumor pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2023

STATs are a family of transcription factors that regulate many critical cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Dysregulation is frequently observed in tumors can directly drive cancer pathogenesis. STAT1 STAT3 generally viewed mediating opposite roles development, with suppressing tumorigenesis promoting oncogenesis. In this review, we investigate the specific normal physiology biology, explore their interactions each other, offer insights into therapeutic strategies through modulating transcriptional activity.

Язык: Английский

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Immune-checkpoint inhibitors from cancer to COVID‑19: A promising avenue for the treatment of patients with COVID‑19 (Review)

International Journal of Oncology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 58(2), С. 145 - 157

Опубликована: Дек. 14, 2020

The severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) poses a threat to human life worldwide. Since early March, 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), characterized by an and often form of pneumonia, has been declared pandemic. This led boom in biomedical research studies at all stages the pipeline, from vitro clinical phase. In line with this global effort, known drugs, currently used for treatment other pathologies, including antivirals, immunomodulating compounds antibodies, are off‑label COVID‑19, association supportive standard care. Yet, no effective treatments have identified. A new hope stems medical oncology relies on use immune‑checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). particular, amongst ICIs, antibodies able block programmed death‑1 (PD‑1)/PD ligand-1 (PD‑L1) pathway revealed hidden potential. fact, patients critical even prior appearance distress syndrome, exhibit lymphocytopenia suffer T‑cell exhaustion, which may lead viral sepsis increased mortality rate. It observed that cancer patients, who usually immunocompromised, restore their anti‑tumoral immune response when treated ICIs. Moreover, viral-infected mice humans, is also following SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. Importantly, anti‑PD‑1 anti‑PD‑L1 they competence efficiently counteract Based these observations, four trials open, examine efficacy antibody administration both non‑cancer individuals affected COVID‑19. results prove hypothesis restoring exhausted T‑cells be winning strategy beat

Язык: Английский

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The preventive effect of Xuebijing injection against cytokine storm for severe patients with COVID-19: A prospective randomized controlled trial

European Journal of Integrative Medicine, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 42, С. 101305 - 101305

Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Pharmacological treatments of COVID-19

Pharmacological Reports, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 72(6), С. 1446 - 1478

Опубликована: Авг. 20, 2020

The viral infection due to the new coronavirus or disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was reported for first time in December 2019, named by World Health Organization (WHO) as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), because of very similar genome and also its related symptoms SARS-CoV1. ongoing COVID-19 pandemic with significant mortality, morbidity, socioeconomic impact is considered WHO a global public health emergency. Since there no specific treatment available SARS-CoV2 infection, COVID-19, several clinical sub-clinical studies are currently undertaken find gold-standard therapeutic regimen high efficacy low side effect. Based on published scientific evidence date, we summarized herein effects different potential therapies up-to-date trials. review intended help readers aware potentially effective provide useful references future studies.

Язык: Английский

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IL-6 modulation for COVID-19: the right patients at the right time?

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 9(4), С. e002285 - e002285

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2021

The ongoing pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has disrupted global economy and strained healthcare systems to their limits. After virus first emerged in late 2019, intervention that demonstrated significant reductions mortality for severe COVID-19 large-scale trials was corticosteroids. Additional options may reduce burden on system reducing number of patients requiring intensive care unit support are desperately needed, yet no therapy conclusively established benefit randomized studies management moderate or mild cases disease. Severe disease is characterized a respiratory distress syndrome accompanied elevated levels several systemic cytokines, profile shares features with known inflammatory pathologies such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis cytokine release secondary chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Based these observations, modulation particularly interleukin (IL)-6, proposed strategy mitigate Despite encouraging recoveries anti-IL-6 agents, especially tocilizumab from single-arm studies, early returned mixed results terms clinical interventions. Later, larger RECOVERY REMAP-CAP, however, establishing combination steroids potential option hypoxic evidence hyperinflammation. We propose positive feedback loop primarily mediated macrophages monocytes initiates cascade COVID-19, thus optimal therapies require during finite window opportunity at outset hyperinflammation but before fulminant causes irreversible tissue damage-as defined clinically C reactive protein higher than 75 mg/L.

Язык: Английский

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On the origin of metastases: Induction of pro-metastatic states after impending cell death via ER stress, reprogramming, and a cytokine storm

Cell Reports, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 38(10), С. 110490 - 110490

Опубликована: Март 1, 2022

How metastatic cells arise is unclear. Here, we search for the induction of recently characterized pro-metastatic states as a surrogate origin metastasis. Since cell-death-inducing therapies can paradoxically promote metastasis, ask if such treatments induce in human colon cancer cells. We find that post-near-death acquire (PAMEs) and form distant metastases vivo. These PAME ("let's go" Greek) exhibit multifactorial cytokine storm well signs enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress nuclear reprogramming, requiring CXCL8, INSL4, IL32, PERK-CHOP, NANOG. PAMEs neighboring tumor to become PAME-induced migratory (PIMs): highly re-enact enhance migration. Metastases are thus proposed originate from through intrinsic extrinsic cues tumoral ecosystem, driven by an impending cell-death experience involving ER modulation, paracrine recruitment via storm.

Язык: Английский

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Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of nanoparticles in the management of COVID-19: a comprehensive overview

Virology Journal, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 19(1)

Опубликована: Дек. 3, 2022

In December 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China. Comprehensive strategies for quick identification, prevention, control, and remedy of COVID-19 have been implemented until today. Advances various nanoparticle-based technologies, including organic inorganic nanoparticles, created new perspectives this field. These materials were extensively used to control because their specific attribution preparing antiviral face masks, safety sensors, etc. review, the most current applications, achievements against coronavirus summarized highlighted. This paper also offers nanoparticle preventive, diagnostic, treatment options combat pandemic.

Язык: Английский

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Immunocytometric analysis of COVID patients: A contribution to personalized therapy?

Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 261, С. 118355 - 118355

Опубликована: Авг. 29, 2020

Язык: Английский

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