Veterinary Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
55(1)
Опубликована: Май 31, 2024
Abstract
In
the
wake
of
COVID-19
pandemic
caused
by
SARS-CoV-2,
questions
emerged
about
potential
effects
Bacillus
Calmette-Guérin
(BCG)
vaccine
on
immune
response
to
SARS-CoV-2
infection,
including
neurodegenerative
diseases
it
may
contribute
to.
To
explore
this,
an
experimental
study
was
carried
out
in
BCG-stimulated
and
non-stimulated
k18-hACE2
mice
challenged
with
SARS-CoV-2.
Viral
loads
tissues
determined
RT-qPCR,
histopathology
brain
lungs,
immunohistochemical
(IHC)
as
well
mortality
rates,
clinical
signs
plasma
inflammatory
coagulation
biomarkers
were
assessed.
Our
results
showed
BCG-SARS-CoV-2
presented
higher
viral
increased
frequency
neuroinvasion,
greatest
differences
observed
between
groups
at
3–4
days
post-infection
(dpi).
Histopathological
examination
a
severity
lesions
mice,
mainly
consisting
neuroinflammation,
glial
cell
population
neuronal
degeneration,
from
5
dpi
onwards.
This
group
also
interstitial
pneumonia
vascular
thrombosis
lungs
(3–4
dpi),
values
for
TNF-α
D-dimer
values,
while
iNOS
dpi.
Results
this
indicate
that
BCG
stimulation
could
have
intensified
promoting
virus
neuroinvasion
dissemination
model.
Although
show
hACE2
expression
neurodissemination,
suggests
that,
although
benefits
enhancing
heterologous
protection
against
pathogens
tumour
cells
been
broadly
demonstrated,
adverse
outcomes
due
non-specific
should
be
considered.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Март 4, 2024
The
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
pandemic
caused
by
SARS-CoV-2
has
been
defined
as
the
greatest
global
health
and
socioeconomic
crisis
of
modern
times.
While
most
people
recover
after
being
infected
with
virus,
a
significant
proportion
them
continue
to
experience
issues
weeks,
months
even
years
acute
infection
SARS-CoV-2.
This
persistence
clinical
symptoms
in
individuals
for
at
least
three
onset
or
emergence
new
lasting
more
than
two
months,
without
any
other
explanation
alternative
diagnosis
have
named
long
COVID,
long-haul
post-COVID-19
conditions,
chronic
post-acute
sequelae
(PASC).
Long
COVID
characterized
constellation
disorders
that
vary
widely
their
manifestations.
Further,
mechanisms
underlying
are
not
fully
understood,
which
hamper
efficient
treatment
options.
review
describes
predictors
common
related
COVID's
effects
on
central
peripheral
nervous
system
organs
tissues.
Furthermore,
transcriptional
markers,
molecular
signaling
pathways
risk
factors
such
sex,
age,
pre-existing
condition,
hospitalization
during
phase
COVID-19,
vaccination,
lifestyle
presented.
Finally,
recommendations
patient
rehabilitation
management,
well
therapeutical
approaches
discussed.
Understanding
complexity
this
disease,
its
across
multiple
organ
systems
overlapping
pathologies
possible
paramount
developing
diagnostic
tools
treatments.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
37(4)
Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2024
SUMMARYSARS-CoV-2
can
not
only
cause
respiratory
symptoms
but
also
lead
to
neurological
complications.
Research
has
shown
that
more
than
30%
of
SARS-CoV-2
patients
present
neurologic
during
COVID-19
(A.
Pezzini
and
A.
Padovani,
Nat
Rev
Neurol
16:636-644,
2020,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0398-3).
Increasing
evidence
suggests
invade
both
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
(M.S.
Xydakis,
M.W.
Albers,
E.H.
Holbrook,
et
al.
Lancet
20:
753-761,
2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00182-4
)
peripheral
(PNS)
(M.N.
Soares,
M.
Eggelbusch,
E.
Naddaf,
J
Cachexia
Sarcopenia
Muscle
13:11-22,
2022,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12896),
resulting
in
a
variety
disorders.
This
review
summarized
CNS
complications
caused
by
infection,
including
encephalopathy,
neurodegenerative
diseases,
delirium.
Additionally,
some
PNS
disorders
such
as
skeletal
muscle
damage
inflammation,
anosmia,
smell
or
taste
impairment,
myasthenia
gravis,
Guillain-Barré
syndrome,
ICU-acquired
weakness,
post-acute
sequelae
were
described.
Furthermore,
mechanisms
underlying
SARS-CoV-2-induced
discussed,
entering
brain
through
retrograde
neuronal
hematogenous
routes,
disrupting
normal
function
cytokine
storms,
inducing
cerebral
ischemia
hypoxia,
thus
leading
Moreover,
an
overview
long-COVID-19
is
provided,
along
with
recommendations
for
care
therapeutic
approaches
experiencing
Diagnostics,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(4), С. 359 - 359
Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2024
Olfactory
dysfunction
(OD)
is
one
of
the
most
common
symptoms
in
COVID-19
patients
and
can
impact
patients’
lives
significantly.
The
aim
this
review
was
to
investigate
multifaceted
on
olfactory
system
provide
an
overview
magnetic
resonance
(MRI)
findings
neurocognitive
disorders
with
COVID-19-related
OD.
Extensive
searches
were
conducted
across
PubMed,
Scopus,
Google
Scholar
until
5
December
2023.
included
articles
12
observational
studies
1
case
report
that
assess
structural
changes
structures,
highlighted
through
MRI,
10
correlating
loss
smell
or
mood
patients.
MRI
consistently
indicate
volumetric
abnormalities,
altered
signal
intensity
bulbs
(OBs),
anomalies
cortex
among
persistent
correlation
between
OD
deficits
reveals
associations
cognitive
impairment,
memory
deficits,
depressive
symptoms.
Treatment
approaches,
including
training
pharmacological
interventions,
are
discussed,
emphasizing
need
for
sustained
therapeutic
interventions.
This
points
out
several
limitations
current
literature
while
exploring
intricate
effects
its
connection
disorders.
lack
objective
measurements
some
potential
validity
issues
self-reports
emphasize
cautious
interpretation.
Our
research
highlights
critical
extensive
larger
samples,
proper
controls,
deepen
our
understanding
COVID-19’s
long-term
neurological
dysfunctions.
Background
Olfactory
perception
is
an
important
physiological
function
for
the
human
well-being
and
health.
Loss
of
olfaction,
or
anosmia,
caused
by
viral
infections
such
as
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
received
a
considerable
attention
especially
in
persistent
cases
that
take
long
time
to
recover.
Objectives
This
review
discusses
integration
different
components
olfactory
epithelium
serve
structural
functional
unit,
explores
how
they
are
affected
during
infections,
leading
development
dysfunction.
Methods
The
mainly
focused
on
role
receptors
mediating
disruption
signal
transduction
pathways
ACE2,
TMPRSS2
protease,
neuropilin
1
(NRP1),
basigin
(CD147),
olfactory,
TRPV1,
purinergic,
interferon
gamma
receptors.
Furthermore,
compromised
epithelial
sodium
channel
(ENaC)
induced
SARS-CoV-2
infection
its
contribution
dysfunction
also
discussed.
Results
Collectively,
this
provides
fundamental
information
about
many
types
may
modulate
olfaction
participate
It
will
help
understand
underlying
pathophysiology
virus-induced
anosmia
which
finding
designing
effective
therapies
targeting
molecules
involved
invasion
olfaction.
Conclusion
wide
complex
spectrum
mediates
reflects
ways
can
be
therapeutically
managed.
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
281(7), С. 3671 - 3678
Опубликована: Март 16, 2024
Although
COVID-19
anosmia
is
often
transient,
patients
with
persistent
olfactory
dysfunction
(pOD)
can
experience
refractory
parosmia
and
diminished
smell.
This
study
evaluated
four
putative
therapies
for
in
chronic
impairment.
Science Translational Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(773)
Опубликована: Ноя. 13, 2024
Long
Covid
is
defined
by
a
wide
range
of
symptoms
that
persist
after
the
acute
phase
severe
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
infection.
Commonly
reported
include
fatigue,
weakness,
postexertional
malaise,
and
cognitive
dysfunction,
with
many
other
reported.
Symptom
range,
duration,
severity
are
highly
variable
partially
overlap
myalgic
encephalomyelitis/chronic
fatigue
post-acute
infectious
syndromes,
highlighting
opportunities
to
define
shared
mechanisms
pathogenesis.
Potential
diverse,
including
persistence
viral
reservoirs,
dysregulated
immune
responses,
direct
damage
tissues
targeted
SARS-CoV-2,
inflammation
driven
reactivation
latent
infections,
vascular
endothelium
activation
or
subsequent
thromboinflammation,
autoimmunity,
metabolic
derangements,
microglial
activation,
microbiota
dysbiosis.
The
heterogeneity
baseline
characteristics
people
Covid,
as
well
varying
states
immunity
therapies
given
at
time
infection,
have
made
etiologies
difficult
determine.
Here,
we
examine
progress
on
preclinical
models
for
review
being
in
clinical
trials,
need
large
human
studies
further
development
better
understand
Covid.
Such
will
inform
trials
treatments
benefit
those
living
this
condition.
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
14(2), С. 506 - 506
Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2025
Post/Long
COVID
(syndrome)
is
defined
as
a
condition
with
symptoms
persisting
for
more
than
12
weeks
after
the
onset
of
SARS-CoV-2
infection
that
cannot
be
explained
otherwise.
The
prevalence
self-reported
otorhinolaryngological
high.
aim
this
review
was
to
analyze
current
literature
regarding
actual
prevalence,
knowledge
etiopathology,
and
evidence-based
treatment
recommendations
otorhinolaryngology-related
symptoms.
A
systematic
search
articles
published
since
2019
in
PubMed
ScienceDirect
performed
resulted
108
articles.
These
were
basis
formed
comprehensive
series
consented
therapy
statements
on
most
important
Otorhinolaryngological
did
not
appear
isolated
but
part
multi-organ
syndrome.
Self-reported
often
confirmed
by
objective
testing.
estimated
anosmia,
dysgeusia,
cough,
facial
palsy,
hoarseness/dysphonia,
acute
hearing
loss,
tinnitus,
vertigo/dizziness
about
4%,
2%,
4-19%,
0%,
17-20%,
8%,
20%,
5-26%,
respectively.
There
are
manifold
theoretical
concepts
etiopathology
different
symptoms,
there
no
clear
proof.
This
certainly
contributes
fact
effective
specific
option
any
mentioned.
Healthcare
pathways
must
established
so
can
recognized
evaluated
otorhinolaryngologists
provide
counseling.
would
also
help
establish
selectively
include
patients
clinical
trials
investigating
therapeutic
concepts.
