Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2024

The lungs were long thought to be sterile until technical advances uncovered the presence of lung microbial community. microbiome healthy is mainly derived from upper respiratory tract (URT) but also has its own characteristic flora. selection mechanisms in lung, including clearance by coughing, pulmonary macrophages, oscillation cilia, and bacterial inhibition alveolar surfactant, keep transient mobile, which different other organs. bacteriome been intensively studied recently, relatively little research focused on mycobiome virome. This up-to-date review retrospectively summarizes microbiome's history, composition, function. We focus interaction with oropharynx gut emphasize role it plays innate adaptive immune responses. More importantly, we multiple diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive disease (COPD), fibrosis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia. impact coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) cancer comprehensively studied. Furthermore, summarizing therapeutic potential diseases examining shortcomings field, propose an outlook direction research.

Язык: Английский

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Rgl-exomiR-7972, a novel plant exosomal microRNA derived from fresh Rehmanniae Radix, ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and gut dysbiosis

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 165, С. 115007 - 115007

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2023

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) have been proposed as a novel therapeutic tool for preventing human diseases. However, the number of well-verified plant ELNs remains limited. In this study, microRNAs in derived from fresh Rehmanniae Radix, well-known traditional Chinese herb treating inflammatory and metabolic diseases, were determined by using microRNA sequencing to investigate active components protection against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung inflammation vivo vitro. The results showed that rgl-miR-7972 (miR-7972) was main ingredient ELNs. It exerted stronger protective activities LPS-induced than catalpol acteoside, which are two chemical markers herb. Moreover, miR-7972 decreased production pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS) nitric oxide (NO) LPS-exposed RAW264.7 cells, thereby facilitating M2 macrophage polarization. Mechanically, downregulated expression G protein-coupled receptor 161 (GPR161), activating Hedgehog pathway, inhibited biofilm form Escherichia coli via targeting virulence gene sxt2. Therefore, R. Radix alleviated GPR161-mediated recovering gut microbiota dysbiosis. also provided new direction gaining bioactivity nucleic acid drugs broadening knowledge on cross-kingdom physiological regulation through miRNAs.

Язык: Английский

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Acute lung injury caused by sepsis: how does it happen?

Frontiers in Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10

Опубликована: Ноя. 21, 2023

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by severe infections that involves multiple organs, among which the lung most susceptible, leaving patients highly vulnerable to acute injury (ALI). Refractory hypoxemia and respiratory distress are classic clinical symptoms of ALI sepsis, has mortality rate 40%. Despite extensive research on mechanisms exact pathological process not fully understood. This article reviews advances in pathogenesis sepsis focusing treatment regimens adopted practice for corresponding molecular mechanisms. review can only contribute theories but also recommend new strategies related injuries.

Язык: Английский

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The leaky gut and the gut microbiome in sepsis – targets in research and treatment

Clinical Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 137(8), С. 645 - 662

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2023

Abstract Both a leaky gut (a barrier defect of the intestinal surface) and dysbiosis change in microbial population) are intrinsic to sepsis. While sepsis itself can cause dysbiosis, worsen The syndrome refers status with which there is an increased permeability allowing translocation molecules from into blood circulation. It not just symptom gastrointestinal involvement, but also underlying that develops independently, its presence could be recognized by detection, blood, lipopolysaccharides (1→3)-β-D-glucan (major components microbiota). Gut-dysbiosis consequence reduction some bacterial species microbiome, as mucosal immunity defect, caused hypoperfusion, immune cell apoptosis, variety enteric neuro-humoral-immunity responses. A bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids barriers, leading pathogen molecules, circulation where it causes systemic inflammation. Even fungi might human patients sepsis, even though this has been consistently observed murine models probably because longer duration antibiotic use patients. virobiome partly consists bacteriophages detectable contents different between normal hosts. These alterations altogether interesting target for adjuvant therapies, e.g., faecal transplantation or probiotic therapy. Here, current information on along potential biomarkers, new treatment strategies, future research topics mentioned.

Язык: Английский

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Pathophysiology of acute lung injury in patients with acute brain injury: the triple-hit hypothesis

Critical Care, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 28(1)

Опубликована: Март 7, 2024

Abstract It has been convincingly demonstrated in recent years that isolated acute brain injury (ABI) may cause severe dysfunction of peripheral extracranial organs and systems. Of all potential target systems, the lung appears to be most vulnerable damage after ABI. The pathophysiology bidirectional brain–lung interactions is multifactorial involves inflammatory cascades, immune suppression, autonomic system. Indeed, systemic effects mediators patients with ABI create a environment (“first hit”) makes secondary procedures enhance inflammation, such as mechanical ventilation (MV), surgery, infections (“second hit”). Moreover, accumulating evidence supports knowledge gut microbiota constitutes critical superorganism an organ on its own, potentially modifying various physiological functions host. Furthermore, experimental clinical data suggest existence communication network among brain, gastrointestinal tract, microbiome, which regulate responses, function, behavior, stress also named “gut-microbiome–brain axis.” Additionally, research highlighted crucial interplay between intestinal lungs, referred “gut-lung axis,” alterations during illness could result bacterial translocation, sustained injury, pulmonary fibrosis. In present work, we aimed further elucidate (ALI) by attempting develop “double-hit” theory, proposing “triple-hit” hypothesis, focused influence gut–lung axis lung. Particularly, propose, addition sympathetic hyperactivity, blast double-hit dysbiosis context alter axis, resulting development or aggravation existing ALI, “third hit.”

Язык: Английский

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Mechanisms of Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Advancements of Natural Small Molecules in Its Treatment

Pharmaceuticals, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 17(4), С. 472 - 472

Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2024

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by widespread dysfunction, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to the lack of effective pharmacological treatments available clinically. Small-molecule compounds derived from natural products represent an innovative source have demonstrated therapeutic potential against sepsis-induced ALI. These small molecules may provide a promising alternative treatment option for This review aims summarize pathogenesis sepsis targets. It assembles critical updates (from 2014 2024) on ALI, detailing their sources, structures, effects, mechanisms action.

Язык: Английский

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LL-37 improves sepsis-induced acute lung injury by suppressing pyroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells

International Immunopharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 129, С. 111580 - 111580

Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects of chuanxiong combined with Chishao on treating acute lung injury based on network pharmacology and molecular docking combined with preclinical evaluation

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 325, С. 117862 - 117862

Опубликована: Фев. 9, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Gut microbiota and its metabolic products in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15

Опубликована: Фев. 16, 2024

The prevalence rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is estimated at approximately 10% in critically ill patients worldwide, with the mortality ranging from 17% to 39%. Currently, ARDS usually higher COVID-19, giving another challenge for treatment. However, treatment efficacy far satisfactory. relationship between gut microbiota and has been substantiated by relevant scientific studies. not only changes distribution microbiota, but also influences intestinal mucosal barrier through alteration microbiota. modulation can impact onset progression triggering dysfunctions inflammatory response immune cells, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis mechanisms. Meanwhile, may influence metabolic products In this review, we focus on how further function, cellular functions related signaling pathways during ARDS. roles microbiota-derived metabolites development occurrence are discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Exploring immune-related pathogenesis in lung injury: Providing new insights Into ALI/ARDS

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 175, С. 116773 - 116773

Опубликована: Май 21, 2024

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a significant global burden of morbidity mortality, with being the primary cause death in affected patients. The pathogenesis injury, however, remains complex issue. In recent years, role immune system has attracted extensive attention worldwide. Despite advancements our understanding various subtypes, limitations persist both prevention treatment. This review investigates immunopathogenesis ALI/ARDS, aiming to elucidate pathological processes mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, neutrophils. Furthermore, article expounds on critical contributions gut microbiota, inflammatory pathways, cytokine storms development ALI/ARDS.

Язык: Английский

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