Aflatoxins in food: Prevalence, health effects, and emerging trends in its mitigation—An updated review

Food Safety and Health, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 2(1), С. 39 - 71

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungal and mold species. One the mycotoxin families that is often regarded as most concerned one in human animal feeds, aflatoxin. Aflatoxins Aspergillus species very toxic cause significant contamination food supplies, resulting serious health repercussions including carcinogenicity. To date, several regulations on aflatoxin permissible level limits have been established number nations. Based government guidelines restrictions, consumers producers anticipate should not negatively impact health. Aflatoxin commodities poses consequential risk to humans also associated with substantial financial losses. Conventional reduction strategies involve both preventative decontamination approaches. The present review gives an update recent research conventional approaches, pre‐ post‐harvest procedures could potentially be used decontaminate Additionally, current study delves into source contamination, global occurrence, health, management assure security safety.

Язык: Английский

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Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation

Applied Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(2), С. 853 - 853

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2025

The aim of this study was to estimate the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk and processed (pasteurized or UHT) collected from two regions Italy (Puglia Basilicata) during a 12-year period: 2012–2023. A total 1017 samples were analyzed first proceeding with screening analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), suspected non-compliant (AFM1 concentration higher than 0.042 µg/kg) then high performance liquid chromatographic fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) confirmation method. AFM1 ≥ 0.005 µg/kg (ELISA limit quantitation) detected 553 (54.4%). levels exceeding European Union maximum (ML) 0.050 70 samples, 49 which determined as (4.8%). Particularly concentrations AFM1, 200 µg/kg, found four three one pasteurized. Regarding risk exposure study, only MOE values obtained under “high scenario” 10,000, while those calculated overall mean resulted not concern.

Язык: Английский

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Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based analytical methods for determination of food contaminants: A review

Food Control, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 152, С. 109892 - 109892

Опубликована: Май 29, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Detoxification of Aflatoxin B₁ by Phytochemicals in Agriculture and Food Science

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 72(26), С. 14481 - 14497

Опубликована: Июнь 19, 2024

Aflatoxin B

Язык: Английский

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Time-Dependent Changes in Performance, Biochemistry, and Histology in Dairy Calves with Acute Aflatoxicosis

Veterinary Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 12(3), С. 273 - 273

Опубликована: Март 14, 2025

Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus spp. They highly toxic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive; AFs cause nonspecific disorders in humans animals, which makes their diagnosis complex. The objective was to describe the time course toxic effects a single exposure AFs-contaminated feed. Fifteen male calves (2 weeks old) were examined over 30 days for clinical, biochemical, pathological changes resulting from ingestion AF-contaminated feed (1.0 mg/kg BW). Compared with 15 unexposed calves, exposed showed transient depression rough coat; BW gain, dry matter intake, albumin, total plasma protein, hepatic renal glutathione-S-transferase concentrations progressively decreased. However, conversion ratio (feed/BW), bilirubin, direct alkaline phosphatase, reduced glutathione, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aspartate aminotransferases increased. Necropsy histology at 7 postexposure (dpe) liver multifocal hemorrhages, yellowish coloration, friable consistency, periportal fibrosis, steatosis. Kidneys hemorrhagic, brush border losses, glomerular atrophy, sclerotic glomerulonephritis, lymphocytic infiltration. dpe, pale discoloration, diffuse macrovesicular steatosis, fibrosis. kidneys had mottled appearance firm loss normal architecture, thickening Bowman’s capsule. These results suggest that identification alterations animal performance biochemical histological characteristics could be useful integrating proper bovine aflatoxicosis.

Язык: Английский

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Implantation of Aspergillus Section Flavi in French Maize and Consequences on Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize at Harvest: Three-Year Survey

Toxins, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(4), С. 155 - 155

Опубликована: Март 22, 2025

The worldwide distribution of aflatoxin B1, a carcinogenic mycotoxin, is changing due to climate change. This frequent contaminant crops in tropical and subtropical regions an emerging threat Europe. Its first appearance French maize was reported 2015, year with exceptional climatic conditions. But, from this year, such conditions (drought during spring hot summers) occurred regularly, raising the question possible durable implantation aflatoxigenic fungal species fields. To answer question, 554 samples were collected three consecutive years (2018–2020) throughout territory. They subjected mycological analysis strains belonging Flavi section Aspergillus genus identified, their toxigenic potential determined. survey demonstrates that are now contaminants since they observed more than 50% 2018 2019. prevalence sharply increased 2020 reach 80% contamination. In parallel, frequency contamination aflatoxins also increased. While it very limited two study, despite favorable conditions, present 16% analyzed 2020, exceeding E.U. regulation by 5%. Even if flavus dominant species, representing 90% isolated strains, parasiticus seems play major role grain contamination, as demonstrated presence AFG contaminated samples. These findings highlight need rethink monitoring management risk France for future.

Язык: Английский

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Quantification and Metabolic Variations of Mycotoxins in Raw Milk: Implications for Dairy Cow Health and Human Safety

Journal of Dairy Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

This study established a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of 9 harmful mycotoxins: Zearalenone (ZEN), α-Zearalanol (α-ZEA), HT-2 Toxin (HT-2), T-2 (T-2), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Fumonisin B1 (FB1), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and (AFB1) in raw milk. The exhibited good linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, making it suitable trace these toxins We applied this to analyze 200 milk samples from Heilongjiang province, China, found that they contained multiple mycotoxins, with relatively high concentration ZEN. To further explore metabolism mycotoxins dairy cows, we conducted metabolic on 12 lactating cows. results showed significant changes among ZEN demonstrating notably higher conversion rates compared other transitions feed serum, milk, feces. These findings provide new insights into safety emphasize importance strict monitoring regulation products protect human health. Simultaneously, believe future research should delve deeper which is crucial ensuring public health safety.

Язык: Английский

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Detection of aflatoxin B1 using DNA sensors: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a dairy herd induced depletion in milk yield and high abortion rate in Pakistan

Toxicon, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 246, С. 107799 - 107799

Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2024

This case report investigated the outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a dairy herd Pakistan, which resulted 30 abortions 40 confirmed (75%) pregnant cows period 35 days and 18.8% depression farm average milk production for entire herd. The analysis concentrate feed total mixed ration (TMR), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures from two different local laboratories, indicated concentrations 60 μg/kg dry matter (DM) aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) 100 DM aflatoxins (AFs: sum B1, B2, G1 G2). Subsequently, confirmatory with more sensitive validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was performed. detected concentration AFs TMR 166 ± 3.5 (AFB1:134, AFB2:17.4 AFM1:14.9 DM). (55% DM) as source contamination, presenting >29 times higher than EU-maximum limit value (5.68 Additionally, multi-mycotoxin evidenced co-occurrence 81 other toxic potentially fungal metabolites fed TMR. After replacing contaminated feedstuffs same formulation but new charge ingredients, abortion episodes ceased, increased significantly. In conclusion, data this suggest that may be associated pregnancy losses cattle depression. From public health perspective, also indicate need careful examination animal Pakistan. Since high AFB1 considering literature-reported transfer rates (1-6%) toxin to AFM1 (carcinogen humans) milk, produced during is expected AFM1, raises concerns.

Язык: Английский

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Mycotoxin Occurrence in Milk and Durum Wheat Samples from Tunisia Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

Toxins, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(11), С. 633 - 633

Опубликована: Окт. 29, 2023

Food and feed contamination with mycotoxins is a major public health concern. Humans animals are exposed to these toxins by consuming contaminated products throughout their lives. In this study, method based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), followed liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (LC-FLD), was validated for the determination of aflatoxins (AFs) M1, B1, B2, G1, G2, zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA). The applied 150 raw cow milk samples 90 market durum wheat from two Tunisian climatic regions: littoral region (Mahdia) continental (Béja). This work carried out obtain more surveillance data support rapid initiatives assure safe foods protect consumer estimate daily exposure population those products. AFG2 OTA were found in incidences 54.4 11.1%, respectively. On other side, AFG2, AFB1, AFB2 8.7%, 2.0%, 0.67%, Some showed concentrations above maximum limit allowed European Union, which represents risk consumers Tunisia, where no legislation exists about content food.

Язык: Английский

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