The Evolution and Biology of SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 12(5), С. a041390 - a041390

Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2022

Our understanding of the still unfolding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic would have been extremely limited without study genetics and evolution this new human coronavirus. Large-scale genome-sequencing efforts provided close to real-time tracking global spread diversification SARS-CoV-2 since its entry into population in late 2019. These data underpinned analysis origins, epidemiology, adaptations population: principally immune evasion increasing transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2, despite being a pathogen, was highly capable human-to-human transmission. During rapid humans, has evolved independent forms, so-called "variants concern," that are better optimized for The most important adaptation bat progenitor both SARS-CoV-1 infection (and other mammals) is use angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor. Relaxed structural constraints provide plasticity SARS-related spike protein permitting it accommodate significant amino acid replacements antigenic consequence compromising ability bind ACE2. Although bulk research justifiably concentrated on viral as main determinant changes transmissibility, there accumulating evidence contribution regions proteome virus-host interaction. Whereas levels community transmission recombinants genetically distinct variants at present low, when divergent cocirculate, recombination between clades detected, risk viruses with properties emerge. Applying computational machine learning methods genome sequence sets generate experimentally verifiable predictions will serve an early warning system novel variant surveillance be future vaccine planning. Omicron, latest concern, focused attention step change events, "shift," opposed incremental "drift" antigenicity. Both increase transmissibility shift Omicron led readily causing infections fully vaccinated and/or previously infected. Omicron's virulence, while reduced relative concern replaced, Delta, very much premised past exposure individuals clear signal boosted vaccination protects from disease. Currently, proven itself dangerous pathogen unpredictable evolutionary capacity, leading too great not ensure all world screened by sequencing, protected through available affordable vaccines, non-punitive strategies place detecting responding concern.

Язык: Английский

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Infection and transmission of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant in pregnant white-tailed deer

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(1), С. 95 - 112

Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2021

SARS-CoV-2 was first reported circulating in human populations December 2019 and has since become a global pandemic. Recent history involving SARS-like coronavirus outbreaks have demonstrated the significant role of intermediate hosts viral maintenance transmission. Evidence natural infection experimental infections wide variety animal species been demonstrated,

Язык: Английский

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Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies

Viruses, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(4), С. 944 - 944

Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of has given rise to multiple variants varying pathogenicity transmissibility, such as Delta Omicron variants. Individuals advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes cardiovascular diseases, are at higher risk increased disease severity. Hence, this resulted in an urgent need for development better therapeutic preventive approaches. This review describes origin human coronaviruses, particularly well sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute severity implications co-infections also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, novel repurposed drugs targeting viral host proteins, immunotherapeutic strategies, discussed. We critically evaluate current emerging vaccines their efficacy, immune evasion new impact on diagnostic testing examined. Collectively, global research public health authorities, along all sectors society, prepare upcoming future coronavirus outbreaks.

Язык: Английский

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Accelerated evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2023

Abstract The zoonotic origin of the COVID-19 pandemic virus highlights need to fill vast gaps in our knowledge SARS-CoV-2 ecology and evolution non-human hosts. Here, we detected that was introduced from humans into white-tailed deer more than 30 times Ohio, USA during November 2021-March 2022. Subsequently, deer-to-deer transmission persisted for 2–8 months, disseminating across hundreds kilometers. Newly developed Bayesian phylogenetic methods quantified how is not only three-times faster compared rate observed but also driven by different mutational biases selection pressures. long-term effect this accelerated evolutionary remains be seen as no critical phenotypic changes were animal models using viruses. Still, has transmitted populations a relatively short duration, risk future may have serious consequences livestock.

Язык: Английский

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Assessing the risk of human‐to‐wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 25(6), С. 1534 - 1549

Опубликована: Март 22, 2022

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to increased concern over transmission of pathogens from humans animals, and its potential threaten conservation public health. To assess this threat, we reviewed published evidence human-to-wildlife events, with a focus on how such events could animal human We identified 97 verified examples, involving wide range pathogens; however, reported hosts were mostly non-human primates or large, long-lived captive animals. Relatively few documented examples resulted in morbidity mortality, very maintenance pathogen new reservoir subsequent "secondary spillover" back into humans. discuss limitations the literature surrounding these phenomena, including strong sampling bias towards human-proximate mammals possibility systematic against reporting parasites wildlife, both which limit our ability risk transmission. outline researchers can collect experimental observational that will expand capacity for assessment

Язык: Английский

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The inherent flexibility of receptor binding domains in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

eLife, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11

Опубликована: Март 24, 2022

Spike (S) protein is the primary antigenic target for neutralization and vaccine development severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It decorates virus surface undergoes large motions of its receptor binding domains (RBDs) to enter host cell. Here, we observe Down, one-Up, one-Open, two-Up-like structures in enhanced molecular dynamics simulations, characterize transition pathways via inter-domain interactions. Transient salt-bridges between RBDA RBDC interaction with glycan at N343B support from Down one-Up. Reduced interactions RBDB one-Up induce toward two-Up. The simulations overall agree cryo-electron microscopy structure distributions FRET experiments provide hidden functional structures, namely, intermediates along Down-to-one-Up druggable cryptic pockets as well one-Open a maximum exposed RBD. inherent flexibility S-protein thus provides essential information antiviral drug rational design or development.

Язык: Английский

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Zoonotic and Reverse Zoonotic Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2

Virus Research, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 302, С. 198473 - 198473

Опубликована: Июнь 9, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Human Coronavirus OC43 as a Low-Risk Model to Study COVID-19

Viruses, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(2), С. 578 - 578

Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had irreversible and devastating impacts on every aspect of human life. To better prepare for the next similar pandemic, a clear understanding biology is prerequisite. Nevertheless, high-risk nature causative agent COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), requires use cumbersome biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) confinement facility. facilitate development preventive therapeutic measures against SARS-CoV-2, one endemic strains low-risk coronaviruses gained attention as useful research alternative: OC43 (HCoV-OC43). In this review, its history, classification, clinical manifestations are first summarized. characteristics viral genomes, genes, evolution process then further explained. addition, host factors necessary to support life cycle HCoV-OC43 innate, well adaptive, immunological responses infection discussed. Finally, in vitro vivo systems study application discovery potential antivirals COVID-19 by using models also presented. This review should serve concise guide those who wish setting.

Язык: Английский

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Animal Models, Zoonotic Reservoirs, and Cross-Species Transmission of Emerging Human-Infecting Coronaviruses

Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(1), С. 1 - 31

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2023

Over the past three decades, coronavirus (CoV) diseases have impacted humans more than any other emerging infectious disease. The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causative agent COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), has resulted in huge economic disruptions and loss human lives. SARS-CoV-2 genome was found to mutate rapidly due sustained transmission potentially animals, resulting variants concern (VOCs) that threaten global health. However, primary difficulties are filling current knowledge gaps terms origin modalities for these viruses. Because many CoVs threatening health suspected a zoonotic origin, identifying animal hosts implicated spillover or spillback events would be beneficial pandemic management prevent future outbreaks. In this review, wesummarize models, reservoirs, cross-species CoVs. Finally, we comment on potential sources Omicron VOCs new recombinants currently under investigation.

Язык: Английский

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Susceptibility of sheep to experimental co-infection with the ancestral lineage of SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(1), С. 662 - 675

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a global pandemic that has had significant impacts on human health and economies worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 highly transmissible the cause of disease 2019 in humans. A wide range animal species have also been shown to be susceptible by experimental and/or natural infections. Sheep are commonly farmed domestic ruminant not thoroughly investigated their susceptibility SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we performed vitro vivo studies which consisted infection ruminant-derived cells challenge sheep investigate Our results showed sheep-derived kidney support replication. Furthermore, demonstrated limited with viral RNA shed nasal oral swabs at 1 3-days post (DPC); was detected tract lymphoid tissues 4 8 DPC. Sero-reactivity observed some principal infected but contact sentinels, indicating transmission co-mingled naïve efficient; however, sentinel animals 21 used inoculum consisting mixture two isolates, representatives ancestral lineage B.1.1.7-like alpha variant concern, study competition virus strains. indicate show low outcompeted strain.

Язык: Английский

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