Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 168, С. 115734 - 115734

Опубликована: Окт. 17, 2023

Nowadays, diabetes mellitus has emerged as a significant global public health concern with remarkable increase in its prevalence. This review article focuses on the definition of and classification into different types, including type 1 (idiopathic fulminant), 2 diabetes, gestational hybrid forms, slowly evolving immune-mediated ketosis-prone other special types. Diagnostic criteria for are also discussed. The role inflammation both is explored, along mediators potential anti-inflammatory treatments. Furthermore, involvement various organs highlighted, such adipose tissue obesity, gut microbiota, pancreatic β-cells. manifestation Langerhans β-cell islet inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired insulin production secretion addressed. Additionally, impact liver cirrhosis, acute kidney injury, immune system complications, diabetic complications like retinopathy neuropathy examined. Therefore, further research required to enhance diagnosis, prevent chronic identify therapeutic targets management associated dysfunctions.

Язык: Английский

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Chronic intermittent fasting impairs β cell maturation and function in adolescent mice

Cell Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 44(2), С. 115225 - 115225

Опубликована: Янв. 18, 2025

Язык: Английский

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An Update on the Molecular and Cellular Basis of Pharmacotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(11), С. 9328 - 9328

Опубликована: Май 26, 2023

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic illness with an increasing global prevalence. More than 537 million cases of diabetes were reported worldwide in 2021, and the number steadily increasing. The people suffering from DM projected to reach 783 2045. In 2021 alone, more USD 966 billion was spent on management DM. Reduced physical activity due urbanization believed be major cause increase incidence disease, as it associated higher rates obesity. poses risk for complications such nephropathy, angiopathy, neuropathy retinopathy. Hence, successful blood glucose cornerstone therapy. effective hyperglycemia type 2 includes exercise, diet therapeutic interventions (insulin, biguanides, second generation sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, amylin mimetics, meglitinides, α-glucosidase sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors bile acid sequestrants). optimal timely treatment improves quality life reduces severe burden disease patients. Genetic testing, examining roles different genes involved pathogenesis DM, may also help achieve future by reducing enhancing use individualized regimens.

Язык: Английский

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High-Altitude Medicinal Plants as Promising Source of Phytochemical Antioxidants to Combat Lifestyle-Associated Oxidative Stress-Induced Disorders

Pharmaceuticals, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 17(8), С. 975 - 975

Опубликована: Июль 23, 2024

Oxidative stress, driven by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur species (ROS, RNS, RSS), poses a significant threat to cellular integrity human health. Generated during mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, UV exposure pollution, these damage cells contribute pathologies like cardiovascular issues, neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic syndromes. Lifestyle factors exert substantial influence on oxidative stress levels, with mitochondria emerging as pivotal players in ROS generation equilibrium. Phytochemicals, abundant plants, such carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols polyphenols, offer diverse antioxidant mechanisms. They scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, modulate signalling pathways mitigate damage. Furthermore, plants thriving high-altitude regions are adapted extreme conditions, synthesize secondary metabolites, flavonoids phenolic compounds bulk quantities, which act form robust defence against including radiation temperature fluctuations. These promising sources for drug development, offering innovative strategies manage stress-related ailments enhance Understanding harnessing the potential of phytochemicals from represent crucial steps combating stress-induced disorders promoting overall wellbeing. This study offers comprehensive summary production physio-pathological aspects lifestyle-induced explores antioxidants. Additionally, it presents an appraisal medicinal antioxidants, highlighting their development creation therapeutic approaches.

Язык: Английский

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Identification of Interactive Genetic Loci Linked to Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Syndrome—An Update

Medicina, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 61(1), С. 83 - 83

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2025

Metabolic syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and abdominal obesity. Impaired insulin action or resistance initiates syndrome. The prevalence of increasing all over the world. Insulin results in defective metabolism carbohydrates lipids, addition to low-grade chronic inflammation. associated with syndrome, which risk factor for number pathological conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), polycystic ovarian (PCOS). Genome-wide association studies have increased our understanding many loci linked these diseases others. In this review, we discuss its contribution diseases. We also genetic them. Genetic testing invaluable identification stratification susceptible populations and/or individuals. After individuals been identified via screening, lifestyle modifications regular exercise, weight loss, healthy diet, smoking cessation can reduce prevent pathologies.

Язык: Английский

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Impact of Olive Oil Components on the Expression of Genes Related to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(3), С. 570 - 570

Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2025

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, resulting in hyperglycemia. Olive oil, cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet, has attracted considerable attention due to its potential health benefits, including reducing risk developing T2DM. This literature review aims critically examine synthesize existing research regarding impact olive oil on expression genes relevant paper also seeks provide an immunological genetic perspective signaling pathways main components extra virgin oil. Key bioactive such as oleic acid phenolic compounds, were identified modulators signaling. These compounds enhanced pathway, improved lipid metabolism, reduced oxidative stress decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Additionally, they shown alleviate inflammation inhibiting NF-κB pathway downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines enzymes. Furthermore, these observed mitigate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers, thereby protecting cells from apoptosis preserving their function. In summary, particularly constituents, been demonstrated enhance sensitivity, protect function, reduce modulating key involved processes. findings underscore oil’s therapeutic managing However, further research, well-designed human clinical trials, required fully elucidate role personalized nutrition strategies for prevention treatment

Язык: Английский

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Preservation of β-Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Diabetes

Hormone and Metabolic Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 56(04), С. 261 - 271

Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2024

Abstract The preservation of pancreatic islet β-cells is crucial in diabetes mellitus, encompassing both type 1 and 2 diabetes. β-cell dysfunction, reduced mass, apoptosis are central to insufficient insulin secretion types. Research focused on understanding characteristics the factors regulating their function develop novel therapeutic approaches. In (T1D), destruction by immune system calls for exploring immunosuppressive therapies, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, leukotriene antagonists. Islet transplantation, stem cell therapy, xenogeneic transplantation offer promising strategies treatment. For (T2D), lifestyle changes like weight loss exercise enhance sensitivity maintain function. Additionally, various pharmacological approaches, such as cytokine inhibitors protein kinase inhibitors, being investigated protect from inflammation glucotoxicity. Bariatric surgery emerges an effective treatment obesity T2D promoting survival It improves sensitivity, modulates gut hormones, expands leading remission better glycemic control. conclusion, preserving offers a approach managing types By combining modifications, targeted interventions, advanced therapies bariatric surgery, we have significant chance preserve glucose regulation diabetic patients.

Язык: Английский

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Centella asiatica mitigates the detrimental effects of Bisphenol-A (BPA) on pancreatic islets

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 5, 2024

Abstract Bisphenol-A (BPA) is widely used in food packaging and household products, leading to daily human exposure potential health risks including metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Understanding BPA's mechanisms developing intervention strategies urgent. Centella asiatica , a traditional herbal medicine containing pentacyclic triterpenoids, shows promise due its antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties, utilized for centuries Ayurvedic therapy. We investigated the effect of (CA) ethanol extract on BPA-induced pancreatic islet toxicity male Swiss albino mice. BPA administration (10 100 μg/kg body weight, twice daily) 21 days caused glucose homeostasis disturbances, insulin resistance, dysfunction, which were partially mitigated by CA supplementation (200 400 mg/kg weight). Additionally, heightened oxidative stress, elevated levels proinflammatory cytokines, loss mitochondrial membrane (MMP), abnormal cell cycle, increased apoptosis implicated detrimental impact endocrine pancreas effectively counteracted supplementation. In summary, demonstrated significant ability mitigate apoptosis, modulate redox homeostasis, alleviate inflammation, preserve MMP, regulate cycle. As result, emerged as potent agent neutralizing diabetogenic effects considerable extent.

Язык: Английский

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates High Fat-Induced Insulin Resistance via Regulating Gut Microbiota–Host Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Interactions

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(8), С. 1133 - 1133

Опубликована: Апрель 11, 2024

Interaction between gut microbiota, host immunity and metabolism has been suggested to crucially affect the development of insulin resistance (IR). This study aims investigate how inflammatory responses in individuals with IR are affected by supplementation conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) this subsequently affects pathophysiology using a high-fat diet-induced mouse model. Serum biochemical indices showed that 400 mg/kg body weight CLA effectively attenuated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance IR, while also promoting antioxidant capacities. Histomorphology, gene protein expression analysis revealed reduced fat deposition inflammation, enhanced fatty oxidation, signaling transport adipose tissue or liver. Hepatic transcriptome confirmed inhibited pathways promoted insulin, PI3K-Akt AMPK pathways, as well acid, arachidonic arginine proline metabolism. Gut microbiome further these effects were highly associated enriched bacteria positive correlation production short-chain acids (SCFAs), improved SCFAs simultaneously. highlights therapeutic actions on ameliorating via regulating microbiota-host metabolic immunomodulatory interactions, which have important implications for control.

Язык: Английский

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A dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulator mitigates glucolipotoxicity in the endocrine pancreas and peripheral tissues: Preclinical data from a mouse model of diet-induced type 2 diabetes

Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 362, С. 123363 - 123363

Опубликована: Янв. 4, 2025

Язык: Английский

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