Learning
should
be
adjusted
according
to
the
surprise
associated
with
observed
outcomes
but
calibrated
statistical
context.
For
example,
when
occasional
changepoints
are
expected,
surprising
weighted
heavily
speed
learning.
In
contrast,
uninformative
outliers
expected
occur
occasionally,
less
influential.
Here
we
dissociate
from
degree
which
they
demand
learning
using
a
predictive
inference
task
and
computational
modeling.
We
show
that
P300,
stimulus-locked
electrophysiological
response
previously
adjustments
in
behavior,
does
so
conditionally
on
source
of
surprise.
Larger
P300
signals
predicted
greater
changing
context,
context
where
was
indicative
one-off
outlier
(oddball).
Our
results
suggest
provides
signal
is
interpreted
by
downstream
processes
differentially
order
appropriately
calibrate
across
complex
environments.
Frontiers in Neural Circuits,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
12
Опубликована: Март 8, 2018
Pupillometry
has
long
been
used
as
a
measure
of
brain
state.
Changes
in
pupil
diameter
are
thought
to
coincide
with
the
activity
neuromodulators,
including
noradrenaline
and
acetylcholine,
producing
alterations
state
corresponding
changes
behavior.
Here
we
review
mechanisms
underlying
control
how
these
correlated
cortical
recruitment
neuromodulatory
circuits.
Frontiers in Neurology,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
9
Опубликована: Дек. 3, 2018
Arousal
level
changes
constantly
and
it
has
a
profound
influence
on
performance
during
everyday
activities.
Fluctuations
in
arousal
are
regulated
by
the
autonomic
nervous
system,
which
is
mainly
controlled
balanced
activity
of
parasympathetic
sympathetic
systems,
commonly
indexed
heart
rate
(HR)
galvanic
skin
response
(GSR),
respectively.
Although
growing
number
studies
have
used
pupil
size
to
indicate
arousal,
research
that
directly
examines
relationship
between
HR
or
GSR
limited.
The
goal
this
study
was
understand
how
modulated
arousal.
Human
participants
fixated
various
emotional
face
stimuli,
low-level
visual
properties
were
carefully
controlled,
while
their
size,
HR,
GSR,
eye
position
recorded
simultaneously.
We
hypothesized
positive
correlation
would
be
observed
both
before
after
presentation.
Trial-by-trial
correlations
diameter
found
presentation,
with
larger
trials
higher
GSR.
However,
task-evoked
responses
presentation
only
correlated
HR.
Overall,
these
results
demonstrated
trial-by-trial
suggesting
can
as
an
index
for
involuntarily
system.
Perceptual
choices
depend
not
only
on
the
current
sensory
input
but
also
behavioral
context,
such
as
history
of
one's
own
choices.
Yet,
it
remains
unknown
how
signals
shape
dynamics
later
decision
formation.
In
models
formation,
is
commonly
assumed
that
choice
shifts
starting
point
accumulation
toward
bound
reflecting
previous
choice.
We
here
present
results
challenge
this
idea.
fit
bounded-accumulation
to
human
perceptual
data,
and
estimated
bias
parameters
depended
observers'
Across
multiple
task
protocols
modalities,
individual
biases
in
overt
behavior
were
consistently
explained
by
a
history-dependent
change
evidence
accumulation,
rather
than
its
point.
Choice
thus
seem
interpretation
input,
akin
shifting
endogenous
attention
(or
away
from)
previously
selected
interpretation.
Cell Reports,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
20(13), С. 3099 - 3112
Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2017
Pupil
size
is
collectively
controlled
by
the
sympathetic
dilator
and
parasympathetic
sphincter
muscles.
Locus
coeruleus
(LC)
activation
has
been
shown
to
evoke
pupil
dilation,
but
how
pathways
contribute
this
dilation
remains
unknown.
We
examined
elicited
LC
in
lightly
anesthetized
rats.
Unilateral
evoked
bilateral
lateralized
dilation;
i.e.,
ipsilateral
was
significantly
larger
than
contralateral
dilation.
Surgically
blocking
ipsilateral,
not
contralateral,
pathway
reduced
lateralization,
suggesting
that
lateralization
mainly
due
contribution.
Moreover,
we
found
sympathetic,
parasympathetic,
contribution
correlated
with
frequency.
Together,
our
results
unveil
frequency-dependent
contributions
of
activation-evoked
suggest
task-evoked
dilations
may
be
used
as
a
biomarker
for
autonomic
tone.
Abstract
The
ability
to
detect
and
correct
action
errors
is
paramount
safe
efficient
goal‐directed
behaviors.
Existing
work
on
the
neural
underpinnings
of
error
processing
post‐error
behavioral
adaptations
has
led
development
several
mechanistic
theories
processing.
These
can
be
roughly
grouped
into
adaptive
maladaptive
theories.
While
propose
that
trigger
a
cascade
processes
will
result
in
improved
behavior
after
commission,
hold
commission
momentarily
impairs
behavior.
Neither
group
account
for
all
available
data,
as
different
empirical
studies
find
both
impaired
This
article
attempts
synthesis
between
predictions
made
by
prominent
Specifically,
it
proposed
invoke
nonspecific
rapidly
interrupt
inhibit
ongoing
cognition,
well
orient
attention
toward
source
error.
It
this
follows
unexpected
outcomes,
not
just
errors.
In
case
errors,
followed
error‐specific,
controlled
processing,
which
specifically
aimed
at
(re)tuning
existing
task
set.
theory
combines
from
orienting
bottleneck
with
specific
mechanisms
wider
field
cognitive
control,
including
error‐specific
aims
describe
framework
its
implications
slowing
accuracy,
circuitry
derive
hypotheses
future
investigations.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
41(2), С. 320 - 330
Опубликована: Ноя. 19, 2020
Vagus
nerve
stimulation
(VNS)
is
widely
used
to
treat
drug-resistant
epilepsy
and
depression.
While
the
precise
mechanisms
mediating
its
long-term
therapeutic
effects
are
not
fully
resolved,
they
likely
involve
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
via
nucleus
of
solitary
tract,
which
receives
afferent
vagal
inputs.
In
rats,
VNS
elevates
LC
firing
forebrain
noradrenaline
levels,
whereas
lesions
suppress
efficacy.
Noninvasive
transcutaneous
(tVNS)
uses
electrical
that
targets
auricular
branch
vagus
at
cymba
conchae
ear.
However,
extent
tVNS
mimics
remains
unclear.
Here,
we
investigated
short-term
in
healthy
human
male
volunteers
(
n
=
24),
using
high-density
EEG
pupillometry
during
visual
fixation
rest.
We
compared
short
(3.4
s)
trials
sham
earlobe
(far
from
branch)
control
for
somatosensory
stimulation.
Although
did
differ
subjective
intensity
ratings,
led
robust
pupil
dilation
(peaking
4–5
s
after
trial
onset)
was
significantly
higher
than
following
further
quantified,
parallel
factor
analysis,
how
modulates
idle
occipital
alpha
(8–13Hz)
activity
identified
each
participant.
found
greater
attenuation
oscillations
by
This
demonstrates
reliably
induces
pupillary
markers
arousal
beyond
stimulation,
thus
supporting
hypothesis
other
arousal-promoting
neuromodulatory
signaling,
invasive
VNS.
SIGNIFICANCE
STATEMENT
Current
noninvasive
brain
techniques
mostly
confined
modulating
cortical
activity,
as
typical
with
transcranial
magnetic
or
direct/alternating
current
Transcutaneous
has
been
proposed
stimulate
subcortical
nuclei,
though
previous
studies
yielded
inconsistent
results.
Here
show
pulses
naive
induced
transient
oscillations.
These
line
established
on
coeruleus–noradrenaline
support
Therefore,
can
be
a
tool
studying
endogenous
signaling
affects
cognition,
including
perception,
attention,
memory,
decision-making;
also
developing
novel
clinical
applications.
Pupil
diameter
is
often
treated
as
a
noninvasive
readout
of
activity
in
the
locus
coeruleus
(LC).
However,
how
accurately
it
can
be
used
to
index
LC
not
known.
To
address
this
question,
we
established
graded
relationship
between
pupil
size
changes
and
spiking
mice,
where
dilation
increased
monotonically
with
number
spikes.
exists
substantial
variability
such
that
only
predict
small
fraction
on
moment-by-moment
basis.
In
addition,
exhibited
large
session-to-session
fluctuations
response
identical
optical
stimulation
LC.
The
variations
pupil-LC
were
strongly
correlated
decision
bias-related
behavioral
variables.
Together,
our
data
show
an
overall
activity,
further
suggest
dynamically
modulated
by
brain
states,
supporting
extending
previous
findings
(Yang
et
al.,
2021).
