Published: June 24, 2018

In emotional facial expressions, sequential effects can result in perceptual changes of a briefly presented test expression due to a preceding prolonged exposure to an adaptor expression. Most studies have shown contrastive (adaptation) aftereffects using static adaptors: a test is perceived as less similar to the adaptor. However, the existence and sign of sequential effects caused by dynamic information in the adaptors are controversial. In a behavioral experiment we tested the influence of realistic (recorded from an actors face) and artificial (linearly morphed) dynamic transitions between happy and disgusted facial expressions, and of static images of these expressions at their …

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Published: Dec. 28, 2018

В статье кратко очерчена история когнитивной психологии с момента ее появления в 1950-х гг. и до настоящего времени. Обсуждается, что когнитивная психология как научное направление привнесла в психологическую науку. Рассмотрены основные направления критики данной области психологии как извне, так и изнутри: это критика, затрагивающая проблемы единого формата репрезентации в системе переработки информации, ограниченных ресурсов системы переработки, а также степени сходства процессов обработки информации в живых и искусственных системах. Обозначены современные области исследования, сложившиеся в соответствии с этими направлениями критики: исследование телесных аспектов познания, его контекстуальной природы, социокультурной укорененности, распределенного познания, эмоционального познания и др. Проанализированы возможные сценарии дальнейшего развития когнитивной …

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Published: Dec. 25, 2019

One of the main research questions related to creativity is the dilemma of specificity vs. non-specificity of the mechanisms underlying insight solutions as compared to analytical solutions of a problem. The first goal of our study was to verify insight solution specificity on solving anagram tasks. The second goal was to test a hypothesis about the existence of unconscious processing prior to insight solutions. We presented two types of stimuli to participants: anagrams and pseudowords. During the experiment, participants had to perform two successive tasks. First they had to judge whether they were being shown an anagram or a pseudoword, …

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Published: Dec. 27, 2018

В работе анализировалась связь между признаками отклоняющегося поведения и склонностью к риску у подростков (N = 177, средний возраст = 14.37±1.12 года). Для оценки склонности к рискованным решениям использовалась игровая методика Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), для оценки отклоняющегося поведения — адаптированные для русскоязычной выборки опросники. На первом шаге исследования на основе жалоб родителей и педагогов вся выборка подростков была разделена на две: с признаками отклоняющегося поведения (D) и без них (N). В группе D были обнаружены значимо более высокие по сравнению с группой N баллы по шкалам делинквентности, агрессии, склонности к аддиктивному поведению, склонности к преодолению норм и правил. …

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Published: Aug. 23, 2019

If a well-known word is a part of an anagram stimulus, it may complicate the process of solving the anagram. This may happen because a word inside the anagram may serve as a semantic prime, or because such a word is a chunk that is difficult to decompose. We manipulated the structural features of word and nonword chunks in anagram stimuli to find out which features of a chunk, semantic or structural, are more influential in anagram solving. The results showed that the semantic but not the structural features of a chunk are more important for five-letter anagrams, while none …

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Published: June 27, 2019

Many psychological theories attempt to explain the mechanisms that govern cognition in adults, and fewer theories attempt to explain also how cognitive mechanisms change across development. Even fewer theories provide a brain representation of mechanisms related to cognitive development. One such theory is the Theory of Constructive Operators. In this review, we present key components of this general theory and provide quantitative predictions for the development of core cognitive abilities such a mental-attentional capacity. Specifically, the model of endogenous mental attention presents a domain-free resource that increases in power during childhood and adolescence. Mental-attentional capacity grows concurrently with prefrontal brain …

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Published: June 1, 2014

The present survey focuses on the phenomenon of referential ambiguity, or referential conflict, i.e., the discourse situation in which two or more referents are activated high enough to be chosen the antecedent of a reduced referring expression. While permanent ambiguity occurs occasionally and is quite uncommon, potential ambiguity is pervasive in language and, thus, should be thoroughly studied. In addition to proposing the typology of referential conflicts, this study seeks to give an explanation of the effects related to the potential referential conflicts that are described in the literature. It proposes a model of the referential conflict that accounts for …

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