Fedotova A.A.
Bonchuk A.N.
Mogila V.A.
Georgiev P.G.
Published: Jan. 1, 2017
The emergence of whole-genome assays has initiated numerous genome-wide studies of transcription factor localizations at genomic regulatory elements (enhancers, promoters, silencers, and insulators), as well as facilitated the uncovering of some of the key principles of chromosomal organization. However, the proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of the chromosomal architecture and the organization of regulatory domains remain insufficiently studied. This review attempts to collate the available data on the abundant but still poorly understood family of proteins with clusters of the C2H2 zinc finger domains. One of the best known proteins of this family is a well conserved protein …
Kantidze O.L.
Velichko A.K.
Published: Jan. 1, 2016
Although the heat-stress response has been extensively studied for decades, very little is known about its effects on nucleic acids and nucleic acid-associated processes. This is due to the fact that the research has focused on the study of heat shock proteins and factors (HSPs and HSFs), their involvement in the regulation of transcription, protein homeostasis, etc. Recently, there has been some progress in the study of heat stress effects on DNA integrity. In this review, we summarize and discuss well-known and potential mechanisms of formation of various heat stress-induced DNA damage.
Borodkina A.V.
Deryabin P.I.
Giukova А.А.
Nikolsky N.N.
Published: Jan. 1, 2018
Cellular senescence was first described as a failure of normal human cells to divide indefinitely in culture. Until recently, the emphasis in the study of cell senescence has been focused on the accompanying intracellular processes. The focus of the attention has been on the irreversible growth arrest and two important physiological functions that rely on it: suppression of carcinogenesis due to the proliferation loss of damaged cells, and the acceleration of organism aging due to the deterioration of the tissue repair mechanism with age. However, the advances of the past years have revealed that senescent cells can impact the surrounding …
Попова Н.К.
Ильчибаева Т.В.
Науменко В.С.
Published: Nov. 16, 2016
Нейротрофические факторы играют ключевую роль в развитии, дифференцировке, синаптогенезе, выживании нейронов головного мозга и в процессах их адаптации к внешним воздействиям. Серотонинергическая (5-НТ) система является другим основным фактором развития и нейропластичности мозга. В обзоре приведены результаты собственных исследований и данные литературы о взаимодействии нейротрофического фактора мозга (BDNF) и глиального нейротрофического фактора (GDNF) с 5-HT-системой мозга. Особое внимание уделено сопоставлению BDNF с GDNF, который относится к другому семейству нейротрофических факторов и считается преимущественно регулятором дофаминергической системы. Приведенные в обзоре данные свидетельствуют о том, что: 1) BDNF и GDNF взаимодействуют с 5-НТ-системой мозга механизмами обратных связей, осуществляющих ауторегуляцию сложного комплекса 5-НТ–нейротрофические факторы; …
Baulina N.M.
Kulakova O.G.
Favorova O.O.
Published: Jan. 1, 2016
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through base-pairing predominantly with a 3’-untranslated region of target mRNA, followed by mRNA degradation or translational repression. Totally, miRNAs change, through a complex regulatory network, the expression of more than 60% of human genes. MiRNAs are key regulators of the immune response that affect maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells, as well as antibody secretion and release of inflammatory mediators. Disruption of this regulation may lead to the development of various pathological conditions, including autoimmune inflammation. This review summarizes the data on biogenesis …
Побываев Сергей Алексеевич
Толкачев Сергей Александрович
Published: Jan. 1, 2015
Статья посвящена современным процессам реиндустриализации, протекающим в двух главных центрах экономической мощи: США и ЕС. Эти процессы вызывают пристальное внимание аналитиков, которые склонны делать далеко идущие выводы о новом этапе промышленного развития мира, закате постиндустриализма и смене парадигмы развития. Цель статьи - установить, действительно ли это так. На основе анализа и сопоставления статистических данных и экспертных оценок авторы приходят к выводу, что, несмотря на развитие процессов реиндустриализации в США и ЕС, говорить о каком-либо качественном переходе преждевременно. Кроме того, в материале отмечается, что процессы реиндустриализации в США и ЕС носят во многом различный характер: если в США реиндустриализация происходит в …
Egorov A.M.
Ulyashova M.M.
Rubtsova M.Y.
Published: Jan. 1, 2018
The resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been developing for more than 2 billion years and is widely distributed among various representatives of the microbiological world. Bacterial enzymes play a key role in the emergence of resistance. Classification of these enzymes is based on their participation in various biochemical mechanisms: modification of the enzymes that act as antibiotic targets, enzymatic modification of intracellular targets, enzymatic transformation of antibiotics, and the implementation of cellular metabolism reactions. The main mechanisms of resistance development are associated with the evolution of superfamilies of bacterial enzymes due to the variability of the genes encoding them. …
Petrov A.M.
Kasimov M.R.
Zefirov A.L.
Published: Jan. 1, 2016
Cholesterol is an important constituent of cell membranes and plays a crucial role in the compartmentalization of the plasma membrane and signaling. Brain cholesterol accounts for a large proportion of the body’s total cholesterol, existing in two pools: the plasma membranes of neurons and glial cells and the myelin membranes . Cholesterol has been recently shown to be important for synaptic transmission, and a link between cholesterol metabolism defects and neurodegenerative disorders is now recognized. Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by impaired cholesterol turnover in the brain. However, at which stage the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is perturbed and how this …
Pletnev P.I.
Bogdanov A.А.
Dontsova O.А.
Osterman I.А.
Sergiev P.V.
Published: Jan. 1, 2015
This review centers on the stationary phase of bacterial culture. The basic processes specific to the stationary phase, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that allow the bacteria to survive in conditions of stress, are described.
Sergiev P.V.
Dontsova O.A.
Berezkin G.V.
Published: Jan. 1, 2015
Senescence has been the focus of research for many centuries. Despite significant progress in extending average human life expectancy, the process of aging remains largely elusive and, unfortunately, inevitable. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current theories of aging and the approaches to understanding it.