SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Viral Evolution, Immune Evasion, and Alternative Durable Therapeutic Strategies

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. 697 - 697

Published: April 28, 2024

Since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus has gained dominance worldwide, its continual evolution with unpredictable mutations and patterns revoked all authorized immunotherapeutics. Rapid viral also necessitated several rounds of vaccine updates in order to provide adequate immune protection. It remains imperative understand how evolves into different subvariants causes escape as this could help reevaluate current intervention strategies mostly implemented clinics emergency measures counter pandemic and, importantly, develop new solutions. Here, we a review focusing on major events evolution, including features spike mutation that lead evasion against monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy vaccination, suggest alternative durable options such ACE2-based experimental therapies superior mAbs address unprecedented virus. In addition, type unique virus-trapping molecules can zoonotic SARS coronaviruses, either from unknown animal hosts or established wild-life reservoirs SARS-CoV-2, even seasonal alpha coronavirus NL63 depends human ACE2 for infection.

Language: Английский

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Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity

Seminars in Immunopathology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 45(4-6), P. 469 - 480

Published: Oct. 23, 2023

Abstract Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines widely recognized health economic benefits vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. While more than 70% population is fully vaccinated high-income countries, low-income countries are only around 30%. The paper reviews factors behind global vaccine inequity health, social, costs triggered by this inequity. main contributors to include nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints manufacturing capacity, poor resilience healthcare systems, hesitancy. Vaccine has high costs, including preventable deaths cases illnesses slow recovery, large learning losses among children. Increasing self-interest higher-income as it may prevent emergence new variants continuous disruptions supply chains.

Language: Английский

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Estimating SARS‐CoV‐2 infections and associated changes in COVID‐19 severity and fatality

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17(8)

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

Abstract Background The difficulty in identifying SARS‐CoV‐2 infections has not only been the major obstacle to control COVID‐19 pandemic but also quantify changes proportion of resulting hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death. Methods We developed a model transmission and vaccination informed by official estimates time‐varying reproduction number estimate that occurred Italy between February 2020 2022. Model outcomes were compared with Italian National surveillance data infection ascertainment ratio (IAR), hospitalization (IHR), ICU (IIR), fatality (IFR) five different sub‐periods associated dominance ancestral lineages Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1 variants. Results that, over first 2 years pandemic, IAR ranged 15% 40% (range 95%CI: 11%–61%), peak value second half 2020. IHR, IIR, IFR consistently decreased throughout 22–44‐fold reductions initial phase period. At end study period, we an IHR 0.24% (95%CI: 0.17–0.36), IIR 0.015% 0.011–0.023), 0.05% 0.04–0.08). Conclusions Since 2021, dominant variant, rollout, shift younger ages have reduced ascertainment. same factors, combined improvement patient management care, contributed massive reduction severity COVID‐19.

Language: Английский

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Counterfactual analysis of the 2023 Omicron XBB wave in China

Infectious Disease Modelling, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 195 - 203

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

China has experienced a COVID-19 wave caused by Omicron XBB variant starting in April 2023. Our aim is to conduct retrospective analysis exploring the dynamics of outbreak under counterfactual scenarios that combine use vaccines, antiviral drugs, and nonpharmaceutical interventions.

Language: Английский

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Study of immunogenicity and efficacy against Omicron BA.5 of recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine delivered by intramuscular and mucosal routes in nonhuman primates

Vaccine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 42(5), P. 1122 - 1135

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Language: Английский

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