Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana legalization: a review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates

International Review of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 32(3), P. 221 - 234

Published: Feb. 6, 2020

Decriminalization, medicalization, and legalization of cannabis use by a majority U.S. states over the past 25 years have dramatically shifted societal perceptions patterns among Americans. How marijuana policy changes affected population-wide health youth what downstream public implications are topics significant debate. Cannabis remains most commonly used federally illicit psychoactive drug adolescents is main for which present substance treatment. Converging evidence indicates that adolescent-onset exposure associated with short- possibly long-term impairments in cognition, worse academic/vocational outcomes, increased prevalence psychotic, mood, addictive disorders. Odds negative developmental outcomes early-onset, persistent, high frequency, high-potency Δ-9-THC use, suggesting dose-dependent relationships. disorders treatable conditions clear childhood antecedents respond to targeted prevention early intervention strategies. This review had mixed effects on adolescent including potential benefits from decriminalization evidenced increases cannabis-related motor vehicle accidents, emergency department visits, hospitalizations. Federal state legislatures should apply framework consider possible change paediatric health.

Language: Английский

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Cannabis use and the development of tolerance: a systematic review of human evidence

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 93, P. 1 - 25

Published: July 26, 2018

Language: Английский

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Risks and Benefits of Marijuana Use

Annals of Internal Medicine, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 169(5), P. 282 - 290

Published: July 24, 2018

Background: Despite insufficient evidence regarding its risks and benefits, marijuana is increasingly available aggressively marketed to the public. Objective: To understand public's views on benefits of use. Design: Probability-based online survey. Setting: United States, 2017. Participants: 16 280 U.S. adults. Measurements: Proportion adults who agreed with a statement. Results: The response rate was 55.3% (n = 9003). Approximately 14.6% reported using in past year. About 81% believe has at least 1 benefit, whereas 17% it no benefit. most common benefit cited pain management (66%), followed by treatment diseases, such as epilepsy multiple sclerosis (48%), relief from anxiety, stress, depression (47%). 91% risk, 9% risks. risk identified public legal problems (51.8%), addiction (50%) impaired memory (42%). Among adults, 29.2% agree that smoking prevents health problems. 18% exposure secondhand smoke somewhat or completely safe for 7.6% indicated children. Of respondents, 7.3% use during pregnancy. 22.4% not all addictive. Limitation: Wording questions may have affected interpretation. Conclusion: Americans' view more favorable than existing supports. Primary Funding Source: National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute.

Language: Английский

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Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 22, 2020

Background: Observational data and preliminary studies suggest serotonin 2A agonist psychedelics may hold potential in treating a variety of substance use disorders (SUDs), including opioid disorder (OUD). Aims: The study aim was to describe analyze self-reported cases which naturalistic psychedelic followed by cessation or reduction other use. Methods: An anonymous online survey individuals reporting cannabis, opioid, stimulant following non-clinical settings. Results: 444 respondents, mostly the USA (67%) completed survey. Participants reported 4.5 years problematic on average before experience they attributed drug consumption, with 79% meeting retrospective criteria for severe SUD. Most taking moderate high dose LSD (43%) psilocybin-containing mushrooms (29%), significant consumption. Before 96% met SUD criteria, whereas only 27% afterward. rated their as highly meaningful insightful, 28% endorsing psychedelic-associated changes life priorities values facilitating reduced misuse. Greater dose, insight, mystical-type effects, personal meaning experiences were associated greater Conclusions: While cross-sectional self-report methods cannot determine whether caused use, results that cause reductions support additional clinical research psychedelic-assisted treatment

Language: Английский

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Does liberalisation of cannabis policy influence levels of use in adolescents and young adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(7), P. e025880 - e025880

Published: July 1, 2019

Objectives To examine the effect of cannabis policy liberalisation (decriminalisation and legalisation) levels use in adolescents young adults. Design Systematic review meta-analysis. Inclusion criteria Included studies were conducted among individuals younger than 25 years quantitatively assessing consequences change. We excluded articles: (A) exclusively based on participants older years; (B) only reporting changes perceptions use; (C) not including at least two measures (D) quantitative data; (E) reviews, letters, opinions papers. PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase Web Science searched through 1 March 2018. Data extraction synthesis Two independent readers reviewed eligibility titles abstracts read eligible articles, four authors assessed risk bias (Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort Cross-Sectional Studies). Extracted data meta-analysed. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO. Results 3438 records identified via search terms citation lists; 2312 retained after removal duplicates, 99 41 included our systematic review. 13 articles examined decriminalisation, 20 legalisation medical purposes 8 recreational purposes. Findings regarding decriminalisation or too heterogeneous to be Our meta-analysis suggest a small increase adults following (standardised mean difference 0.03, 95% CI −0.01 –0.07). Nevertheless, characterised by very low/low showed no evidence modifications. Conclusions Cannabis does appear result significant youths’ use, possible exception that requires monitoring. Trial registration number CRD42018083950.

Language: Английский

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Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

The Lancet Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6(12), P. 1054 - 1067

Published: Oct. 17, 2019

Language: Английский

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Substance use through adolescence into early adulthood after childhood‐diagnosed ADHD: findings from the MTA longitudinal study

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 59(6), P. 692 - 702

Published: Jan. 8, 2018

Background Inconsistent findings exist regarding long‐term substance use (SU) risk for children diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The observational follow‐up of the Multimodal Treatment Study Children ADHD (MTA) provides an opportunity to assess outcomes in a large, diverse sample. Methods Five hundred forty‐seven children, mean age 8.5, DSM‐IV combined‐type and 258 classmates without (local normative comparison group; LNCG) completed Substance Use Questionnaire up eight times from 10 25. Results In adulthood, weekly marijuana (32.8% vs. 21.3% daily cigarette smoking (35.9% 17.5%) were more prevalent group than LNCG. cumulative record also revealed early users adolescence (57.9%) LNCG (41.9%), including younger first alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, illicit drugs. Alcohol nonmarijuana drug escalated slightly faster adolescence. Early SU predicted quicker escalation adulthood both groups. Conclusions Frequent young adults childhood is accompanied by greater initial exposure at progression. prevention screening critical before intractable levels.

Language: Английский

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Racial and Ethnic Differences in Cannabis Use Following Legalization in US States With Medical Cannabis Laws

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 4(9), P. e2127002 - e2127002

Published: Sept. 27, 2021

Importance

Little is known about changes in cannabis use outcomes by race and ethnicity following the enactment of recreational laws (RCLs).

Objectives

To examine association between state RCLs overall age groups US.

Design, Setting, Participants

This cross-sectional study used restricted file data from National Surveys Drug Use Health 2008 2017, which were analyzed September 2019 March 2020. survey included entire US population older than 12 years.

Main Outcomes Measures

Self-reported past-year past-month and, among people that cannabis, daily past-yearDiagnostic Statistical Manual Mental Disorders(Fifth Edition) disorder. Multi-level logistic regressions fit to estimates respondents states with without enacted RCLs, controlling for trends medical or no laws.

Results

A total 838 600 participants analysis (mean age, 43 years [range, 12-105 years]; 434 900 women [weighted percentage, 51.5%]; 511 (weighted 64.6%) identified as non-Hispanic White, 99 000 (11.9%) Black, 78 400 (15.8%) Hispanic, 149 200 (7.6%) other (including either Native American, Pacific Islander, Asian, more 1 ethnicity). Compared period before RCL enactment, odds after increased Hispanic (adjusted ratio [aOR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.15-1.52), (aOR, 1.31; 1.12-1.52), White 1.21; 1.12-1.31) populations, particularly those aged 21 more. Similarly, 1.43; 1.22-1.69), 1.20-1.70), 1.24; 1.13-1.35) populations enactment. No increases found post-RCL Black individuals 20 all groups. In addition, who while any racial ethnic group, disorder categorized 1.45; 1.07-1.95), but group.

Conclusions Relevance

Changes may be attributable policy variations provisions should monitored. ensure truly contributes greater equity adheres antiracist policies, monitoring unintended intended consequences similar policies needed.

Language: Английский

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Trends and age, period and cohort effects for marijuana use prevalence in the 1984–2015 US National Alcohol Surveys

Addiction, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 113(3), P. 473 - 481

Published: Sept. 12, 2017

Abstract Background and Aims Epidemiological trends show marijuana use in the United States to have increased recent years. Previous research has identified cohort effects as contributing rising prevalence, particular birth cohorts born after 1945. However, given policy efforts regulate at state level, period could also play a contributory role. This study aimed examine whether or larger role explaining use. Design Using data from seven National Alcohol Surveys, we estimated age–period–cohort decomposition models for use, controlling socio‐demographic measures. Setting States. Participants US general population aged 18 older 1984 2015. Measurements Any past‐year Findings Results indicated that were main driver of prevalence. Models including indicators medical recreational policies did not find any significant positive impacts. Conclusions The steep rise since 2005 occurred across is attributable linked specifically liberalization some states.

Language: Английский

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Genetics of substance use disorders in the era of big data

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(11), P. 712 - 729

Published: July 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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