The
proliferation
of
medical
wearables
necessitates
the
development
novel
electrodes
for
cutaneous
electrophysiology.
In
this
work,
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
polystyrene
sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS)
is
combined
with
a
deep
eutectic
solvent
(DES)
and
polyethylene
glycol
acrylate
(PEGDA)
to
develop
printable
biocompatible
long-term
electrophysiology
recordings.
impact
printing
parameters
on
conducting
properties,
morphological
characteristics,
mechanical
stability
biocompatibility
material
were
investigated.
optimised
eutectogel
formulations
fabricated
in
four
different
patterns
—flat,
pyramidal,
striped
wavy—
explore
influence
electrode
geometry
skin
conformability
contact.
These
employed
impedance
forearm
EMG
measurements.
Furthermore,
arrays
twenty
embedded
into
textile
used
generate
body
surface
potential
maps
(BSPMs)
forearm,
where
finger
movements
recorded
analysed.
Finally,
BSPMs
three
letters
(B,
I,
O)
sign-language
train
logistic
regressor
classifier
able
reliably
identify
each
letter.
This
fabrication
approach
offers
new
opportunities
electrophysiological
recordings,
online
translation
brain-machine
interfaces.
Advanced Functional Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
34(40)
Published: April 26, 2024
Abstract
The
development
of
multifunctional
organic
materials
represents
a
vibrant
area
research,
with
applications
spanning
from
biosensing
to
drug
delivery.
This
study
shows
the
bioelectronic
device
suitable
for
prolonged
temperature
monitoring
and
delivery
applications.
relies
on
conducting
thermo‐responsive
hydrogel
made
poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
doped
poly(styrene
sulfonate)
(PEDOT:PSS)
poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
(PNIPAM).
is
4D
printable
by
Digital
Light
Processing
(DLP)
method
exhibits
optimal
biocompatibility.
features
low
critical
solution
(LCST)
≈35
°C,
above
which
its
resistance
changes
dramatically
due
shrinkage
it
undergoes
temperature.
integration
PNIPAM/PEDOT
into
an
electrochemical
transistor
(OECT)
as
gate
electrode
allows
generate
miniaturized
reversible
response
variations
between
25
45
along
high
sensitivity
0.05
°C
−1
.
Furthermore,
demonstrates
utility
in
delivery,
achieving
Insulin‐FITC
release
rate
82
±
4%
at
37
mimicking
human
body
conditions.
hydrogel's
functionality
store
insulin
does
not
compromise
thermo‐responsivity
overall
performance
OECT.
OECT
opens
new
avenues
customizable
personalized
sensing
drug‐delivery
systems.
Advanced Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(42)
Published: Sept. 16, 2024
Abstract
The
rapid
advancement
in
attractive
platforms
such
as
biomedicine
and
human‐machine
interaction
has
generated
urgent
demands
for
intelligent
materials
with
high
strength,
flexibility,
self‐healing
capabilities.
However,
existing
ability
are
challenged
by
a
trade‐off
between
low
elastic
modulus,
healing
due
to
the
inherent
strength
of
noncovalent
bonding.
Here,
drawing
inspiration
from
human
fibroblasts,
monomer
trapping
synthesis
strategy
is
presented
based
on
dissociation
reconfiguration
amphiphilic
ionic
restrictors
(7000‐times
volume
trapping)
develop
eutectogel.
Benefiting
nanoconfinement
dynamic
interfacial
interactions,
molecular
chain
backbone
formed
confined
domains
mechanically
reinforced
while
preserving
soft
movement
resulting
eutectogels
demonstrate
superior
mechanical
properties
(1799%
2753%
higher
tensile
toughness
than
pure
polymerized
deep
eutectic
solvent),
excellent
efficiency
(>90%),
tangential
modulus
(0.367
MPa
during
working
stage),
sensitively
monitor
activities.
This
poised
offer
new
perspective
developing
wearable
electronics
tailored
body
motion.
Advanced Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(27)
Published: Jan. 22, 2024
Abstract
In
this
work,
a
new
method
of
multi‐material
printing
in
one‐go
using
commercially
available
3D
printer
is
presented.
The
approach
simple
and
versatile,
allowing
the
manufacturing
layered
or
same
layer.
To
best
knowledge,
it
first
time
that
printed
Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
polystyrene
sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS)
micro‐patterns
combining
different
materials
are
reported,
overcoming
mechanical
stability
issues.
Moreover,
conducting
ink
engineered
to
obtain
stable
in‐time
while
retaining
sub‐100
µm
resolution.
Micro‐structured
bio‐shaped
protuberances
designed
as
electrodes
for
electrophysiology.
these
microstructures
combined
with
polymerizable
deep
eutectic
solvents
(polyDES)
functional
additives,
gaining
adhesion
ionic
conductivity.
As
result
novel
electrodes,
low
skin
impedance
values
showed
suitable
performance
electromyography
recording
on
forearm.
Finally,
concluded
use
polyDES
conferred
over
time,
usability
electrode
90
days
after
fabrication
without
losing
its
performance.
All
all,
demonstrated
very
easy‐to‐make
procedure
allows
PEDOT:PSS
soft,
hard,
and/or
flexible
substrates,
opening
up
paradigm
multi‐functional
field
bioelectronics
wearables.
Microsystems & Nanoengineering,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: March 19, 2025
Abstract
Flexible
devices
are
increasingly
crucial
in
various
aspects
of
our
lives,
including
healthcare
and
human-machine
interface
systems,
revolutionizing
human
life.
As
technology
evolves
rapidly,
there
is
a
high
demand
for
innovative
manufacturing
methods
that
enable
rapid
prototyping
custom
multifunctional
flexible
with
quality.
Recently,
digital
light
processing
(DLP)
3D
printing
has
emerged
as
promising
approach
due
to
its
capabilities
creating
intricate
customized
structures,
fabrication
speed,
low-cost
widespread
adoption.
This
review
provides
state-of-the-art
overview
the
recent
advances
creation
using
DLP
printing,
focus
on
soft
actuators,
sensors
energy
devices.
We
emphasize
how
development
printable
materials
enhance
structural
design,
sensitivity,
mechanical
performance,
overall
functionality
these
Finally,
we
discuss
challenges
perspectives
associated
DLP-printed
anticipate
continued
advancements
will
foster
smarter
devices,
shortening
design-to-manufacturing
cycles.
Biomaterials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
310, P. 122624 - 122624
Published: May 24, 2024
The
proliferation
of
medical
wearables
necessitates
the
development
novel
electrodes
for
cutaneous
electrophysiology.
In
this
work,
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
polystyrene
sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS)
is
combined
with
a
deep
eutectic
solvent
(DES)
and
polyethylene
glycol
diacrylate
(PEGDA)
to
develop
printable
biocompatible
long-term
electrophysiology
recordings.
impact
printing
parameters
on
conducting
properties,
morphological
characteristics,
mechanical
stability
biocompatibility
material
were
investigated.
optimised
eutectogel
formulations
fabricated
in
four
different
patterns
—flat,
pyramidal,
striped
wavy—
explore
influence
electrode
geometry
skin
conformability
contact.
These
employed
impedance
forearm
EMG
measurements.
Furthermore,
arrays
twenty
embedded
into
textile
used
generate
body
surface
potential
maps
(BSPMs)
forearm,
where
finger
movements
recorded
analysed.
Finally,
BSPMs
three
letters
(B,
I,
O)
sign-language
train
logistic
regressor
classifier
able
reliably
identify
each
letter.
This
fabrication
approach
offers
new
opportunities
electrophysiological
recordings,
online
translation
brain-machine
interfaces.
Microsystems & Nanoengineering,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Feb. 27, 2025
Abstract
In
recent
years,
the
utilization
of
3D
printing
technology
in
micro
and
nano
device
manufacturing
has
garnered
significant
attention.
Advancements
have
enabled
achieving
sub-micron
level
precision.
Unlike
conventional
micro-machining
techniques,
offers
versatility
material
selection,
such
as
polymers.
been
gradually
applied
to
general
field
microelectronic
devices
sensors,
actuators
flexible
electronics
due
its
adaptability
efficacy
microgeometric
design
processes.
Furthermore,
also
instrumental
fabrication
microfluidic
devices,
both
through
direct
indirect
This
paper
provides
an
overview
evolving
landscape
technology,
delineating
essential
materials
processes
involved
fabricating
times.
Additionally,
it
synthesizes
diverse
applications
these
technologies
across
different
domains.
ACS Nano,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
18(45), P. 31148 - 31159
Published: Oct. 30, 2024
Hydrogels
are
considered
indispensable
materials
for
fabricating
flexible
devices
with
their
excellent
flexibility
and
workability.
To
efficiently
transform
hydrogels
into
devices,
three-dimensional
printing
technology
offers
a
powerful
approach.
However,
suitable
single
strategy
have
proven
inadequate
integrated
devices.
Herein,
we
report
simple
two-phase
3D-printed
hydrogel
(TP-3DPgel)
achieved
through
controlled
microphase-separation
strategy.
The
regions
can
undergo
reversible
changes
pH
adjustment,
giving
TP-3DPgel
an
extremely
broad
viscosity
tuning
range
from
liquid
to
solid
states.
This
overcomes
limitations
imposed
by
extreme
rheological
properties
in
different
3D
processes,
making
this
ink
both
liquid-phase
digital
light
processing
(DLP)
solid-phase
direct
writing
(DIW)
printing.
Simultaneously,
the
exhibits
mechanical
properties,
including
high
stretchability
(>1100%),
strength
(0.82
MPa),
low
hysteresis
(∼5.4%),
fatigue
resistance.
Moreover,
high-resolution
capabilities,
it
DLP
DIW-3D
achieve
high-quality
fabrication
2D
filaments
structures.
Interestingly,
utilized
DIW
DLP-3D
fabricate
various
functional
energy
storage
sensors,
electronic
skins,
showing
detail
outstanding
compatibility
processability
of
TP-3DPgel,
which
offered
reliable
Accurately
reconstructing
the
intricate
structure
of
natural
organisms
is
long-standing
goal
3-dimensional
(3D)
bioprinting.
Projection-based
3D
printing
boasts
highest
resolution-to-manufacturing
time
ratio
among
all
3D-printing
technologies,
rendering
it
a
highly
promising
technique
in
this
field.
However,
achieving
standardized,
high-fidelity,
and
high-resolution
composite
structures
using
bioinks
with
diverse
mechanical
properties
remains
marked
challenge.
The
root
challenge
lies
neglect
multi-material
printability
research.
Multi-material
far
from
simple
physical
assembly
different
materials;
rather,
effective
control
material
interfaces
crucial
factor
that
governs
print
quality.
current
research
gap
area
substantively
hinders
widespread
application
rapid
development
projection-based
To
bridge
critical
gap,
we
developed
bioprinter
capable
simultaneous
6
materials.
Building
upon
this,
established
fundamental
framework
for
research,
encompassing
its
core
logic
essential
process
specifications.
Furthermore,
clarified
several
issues,
including
cross-linking
behavior
multicomponent
bioinks,
mismatch
interface
strength
soft-hard
structures,
penetration
viscous
within
hydrogel
polymer
networks,
liquid
entrapment
adsorption
phenomena
porous
heterogeneous
error
source
analysis
along
resolution
evaluation
printing.
This
study
offers
solid
theoretical
foundation
guidance
quantitative
assessment
bioprinting,
holding
promise
to
advance
field
toward
higher
precision
reconstruction
more
biological
structures.
