The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Gut/brain axis and the microbiota

Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 125(3), P. 926 - 938

Published: Feb. 17, 2015

Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the bidirectional interactions between central nervous system, enteric and gastrointestinal tract. A series of provocative preclinical studies have suggested a prominent role for gut microbiota these gut-brain interactions. Based on using rodents raised germ-free environment, appears to influence development emotional behavior, stress- pain-modulation systems, brain neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, perturbations by probiotics antibiotics exert modulatory effects some measures adult animals. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms, including endocrine neurocrine pathways, may be involved microbiota-to-brain signaling can turn alter microbial composition behavior via autonomic system. Limited information is available how findings translate healthy humans or disease states involving gut/brain axis. Future research needs focus confirming rodent are translatable human physiology diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, autism, anxiety, depression, Parkinson's disease.

Language: Английский

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Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: March 13, 2018

The vagus nerve represents the main component of parasympathetic nervous system, which oversees a vast array crucial bodily functions, including control mood, immune response, digestion, and heart rate. It establishes one connections between brain gastrointestinal tract sends information about state inner organs to via afferent fibers. In this review article, we discuss various functions make it an attractive target in treating psychiatric disorders. There is preliminary evidence that stimulation promising add-on treatment for treatment-refractory depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, inflammatory bowel disease. Treatments increase vagal tone inhibit cytokine production. Both are important mechanism resiliency. fibers gut influences monoaminergic systems stem play roles major conditions, such as mood anxiety line, there bacteria have beneficial effect on anxiety, partly by affecting activity nerve. Since, correlated with capacity regulate responses can be influenced breathing, its through meditation yoga likely contribute resilience mitigation symptoms.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm Shift in Neuroscience

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 34(46), P. 15490 - 15496

Published: Nov. 12, 2014

The discovery of the size and complexity human microbiome has resulted in an ongoing reevaluation many concepts health disease, including diseases affecting CNS. A growing body preclinical literature demonstrated bidirectional signaling between brain gut microbiome, involving multiple neurocrine endocrine mechanisms. While psychological physical stressors can affect composition metabolic activity microbiota, experimental changes to emotional behavior related systems. These findings have speculation that alterations may play a pathophysiological role diseases, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, chronic pain. Ongoing large-scale population-based studies imaging looking at effect modulation on responses emotion-related stimuli are seeking validate these speculations. This article is summary emerging topics covered symposium not meant be comprehensive review subject.

Language: Английский

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Stress and Obesity

Annual Review of Psychology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 70(1), P. 703 - 718

Published: June 21, 2018

Many pathways connect stress and obesity, two highly prevalent problems facing society today. First, interferes with cognitive processes such as executive function self-regulation. Second, can affect behavior by inducing overeating consumption of foods that are high in calories, fat, or sugar; decreasing physical activity; shortening sleep. Third, triggers physiological changes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reward processing brain, possibly gut microbiome. Finally, stimulate production biochemical hormones peptides leptin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y. Obesity itself be a stressful state due to prevalence weight stigma. This article therefore traces contribution stigma obesogenic processes, ultimately describing vicious cycle obesity stress. Current prevention efforts focus solely on eating exercise; evidence reviewed this points an important but currently overlooked public policy target.

Language: Английский

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Microbes and mental health: A review

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 66, P. 9 - 17

Published: Jan. 25, 2017

Language: Английский

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Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Modulator of Host Metabolism and Appetite

Journal of Nutrition, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 147(5), P. 727 - 745

Published: March 29, 2017

Language: Английский

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The gut microbiome and diet in psychiatry

Current Opinion in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 28(1), P. 1 - 6

Published: Nov. 20, 2014

Purpose of review With depressive disorders the leading source disability globally, identification new targets for prevention and management is imperative. A rapidly emerging field research suggests that microbiome–gut–brain axis substantial relevance to mood behaviour. Similarly, unhealthy diet has recently emerged as a significant correlate risk factor depression. This provides evidence gut microbiota key mediating link between illness. Recent findings The development technologies affording better understanding how influences composition activity this may, in turn, influence New interventions are also suggesting possible utility pre probiotic formulations fermented food influencing mental health. Summary Although its early stages, focused on human microbiome an important role brain development, behaviour humans. recognition interacts bidirectionally with other environmental factors, such stress, promise targeting treatment common health disorders.

Language: Английский

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Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 11 - 25

Published: Sept. 12, 2016

Language: Английский

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Antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbation causes gut endocannabinoidome changes, hippocampal neuroglial reorganization and depression in mice

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 67, P. 230 - 245

Published: Sept. 7, 2017

Language: Английский

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