Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease therapies in the clinic

Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Aug. 3, 2022

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) are the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, affecting millions costing billions each year in United States alone. Despite tremendous progress developing therapeutics that manage symptoms of these two scientific community has yet to develop a treatment effectively slows down, inhibits, or cures neurodegeneration. To gain better understanding current therapeutic frontier for AD PD, we provide review on past present strategies major disorders clinical trial process. We briefly recap currently US Food Drug Administration‐approved therapies, then explore trends trials across variables therapy mechanism intervention, administration route, use delivery vehicle, outcome measures, phases over time “Drug” “Biologic” therapeutics. success rate analyze intersections approaches revealing shift away from therapies targeting neurotransmitter systems symptomatic relief, towards anti‐aggregation, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, regeneration aim inhibit root causes progression. also highlight evolving distribution types investigated, slowly increasing still severe under‐utilization vehicles PD discuss novel preclinical treating PD. Overall, this aims succinct overview landscape understand field's strategy evolution approach present, inform how treat future.

Language: Английский

---

How Precise are Nanomedicines in Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: Volume 19, P. 2441 - 2467

Published: March 1, 2024

Abstract: New nanotechnology strategies for enhancing drug delivery in brain disorders have recently received increasing attention from designers. The treatment of neurological conditions, including tumors, stroke, Parkinson's Disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), may be greatly influenced by nanotechnology. Numerous studies on neurodegeneration demonstrated the effective application nanomaterials illnesses. Nanocarriers (NCs) made it easier to deliver drugs precisely where they are needed. Thus, most use is various diseases, as this amplifies overall impact medication emphasizes significance nanotherapeutics through gene therapy, enzyme replacement blood-barrier mechanisms. Recent advances led development multifunctional nanotherapeutic agents, a promising disorders. This novel method reduces side effects improves outcomes. review critically assesses efficient nano-based systems light obstacles outstanding achievements. that transfer medications across blood-brain barrier nano-assisted therapies, nano-immunotherapy, nano-gene nano scaffolds, 3D 6D printing, been widely explored study aimed evaluate existing literature regarding can penetrate (BBB) therapeutic agents treat Keywords: delivery, nanomedicine, nano-therapeutics, nanocarriers,

Language: Английский

---

Parkinson’s Disease: Cells Succumbing to Lifelong Dopamine-Related Oxidative Stress and Other Bioenergetic Challenges

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 2009 - 2009

Published: Feb. 7, 2024

The core pathological event in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the specific dying of dopamine (DA) neurons substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). reasons why SNc DA are especially vulnerable and idiopathic PD has only been found humans still puzzling. two main underlying factors neuron vulnerability appear related to high production, namely (i) toxic effects cytoplasmic metabolism (ii) continuous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations absence Ca2+-buffer protein calbindin. Both cause oxidative stress by producing highly reactive quinones increasing intra-mitochondrial concentrations, respectively. High expression human cell bodies suggested abundant presence DA-derived pigment neuromelanin, which not such abundance other species associated with toxicity at higher levels. created their production system, despite fact that SN does use unusually amounts energy, explains sensitive various genetic environmental create mitochondrial damage thereby promote PD. Aging increases multiple risk for PD, and, a large extent, accelerated aging. To prevent neurodegeneration, possible approaches discussed here (1) reducing accumulation, (2) blocking oscillations, (3) providing bioenergetic support.

Language: Английский

---

Therapeutic Role of Heterocyclic Compounds in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

Neurology International, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 26 - 26

Published: Feb. 7, 2025

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The development of aberrant protein aggregates progressive permanent loss neurons major characteristic features these disorders. Although precise mechanisms causing disease (AD) (PD) still unknown, there is a wealth evidence suggesting that misfolded proteins, accumulation dysfunction neuroreceptors mitochondria, dysregulation enzymes, release neurotransmitters significantly influence pathophysiology diseases. There no effective protective medicine or therapy available even with availability numerous medications. an urgent need to create new powerful bioactive compounds since number people NDDs rising globally. Heterocyclic have consistently played pivotal role in drug discovery due their exceptional pharmaceutical properties. Many clinically approved drugs, such as galantamine hydrobromide, donepezil hydrochloride, memantine opicapone, feature heterocyclic cores. As therapeutic potential, heterocycles intriguing research topic for drugs PD AD. This review aims provide current insights into potential use targeting diverse targets manage potentially treat patients AD PD.

Language: Английский

---

Materials for Cell Surface Engineering

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 21, 2023

Cell therapies are emerging as a promising new therapeutic modality in medicine, generating effective treatments for previously incurable diseases. Clinical success of cell has energized the field cellular engineering, spurring further exploration novel approaches to improve their performance. Engineering surfaces using natural and synthetic materials emerged valuable tool this endeavor. This review summarizes recent advances development technologies decorating with various including nanoparticles, microparticles, polymeric coatings, focusing on ways which surface decorations enhance carrier cells effects. Key benefits surface-modified include protecting cell, reducing particle clearance, enhancing trafficking, masking cell-surface antigens, modulating inflammatory phenotype cells, delivering agents target tissues. While most these still proof-of-concept stage, efficacy constructs from vitro vivo preclinical studies laid strong foundation eventual clinical translation. engineering can imbue diverse range advantages therapy, creating opportunities innovative functionalities, improved efficacy, transforming fundamental translational landscape therapies.

Language: Английский

---

Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Application of the Polysaccharides from Lonicera japonica Thunb.: A Review

Molecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(12), P. 4828 - 4828

Published: June 17, 2023

Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a widely distributed plant with ornamental, economic, edible, and medicinal values. L. phytoantibiotic broad-spectrum antibacterial activity potent therapeutic effect on various infectious diseases. The anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-depression, antioxidative, immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-gout, anti-alcohol-addiction effects of can also be explained by bioactive polysaccharides isolated from this plant. Several researchers have determined the molecular weight, chemical structure, monosaccharide composition ratio water extraction alcohol precipitation, enzyme-assisted (EAE) chromatography. This article searched in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora China, Web Science, PubMed, CNKI databases within last 12 years, using “Lonicera. polysaccharides”, “Honeysuckle polysaccharides” as key word, systematically reviewed purification methods, structural characteristics, structure-activity relationship, health benefits to provide insights for future studies. Further, we elaborated potential applications food, medicine, daily industry, such raw material make lozenges, soy sauce toothpaste, etc. review will useful reference further optimization functional products developed polysaccharides.

Language: Английский

---

Neuroprotective effects of gemfibrozil in neurological disorders: Focus on inflammation and molecular mechanisms

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 30(3)

Published: Oct. 30, 2023

Abstract Background Gemfibrozil (Gem) is a drug that has been shown to activate PPAR‐α, nuclear receptor plays key role in regulating lipid metabolism. Gem used lower the levels of triglycerides and reduce risk coronary heart disease patients. Experimental studies vitro vivo have can prevent or slow progression neurological disorders (NDs), including cerebral ischemia (CI), Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammation known play significant these disorders. Method The literature review for this study was conducted by searching Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar databases. Result results show neuroprotective effects through several cellular molecular mechanisms such as: (1) ability upregulate pro‐survival factors (PGC‐1α TFAM), promoting survival function mitochondria brain, (2) strongly inhibits activation NF‐κB, AP‐1, C/EBPβ cytokine‐stimulated astroglial cells, which are increase expression iNOS production NO response proinflammatory cytokines, (3) protects dopamine neurons MPTP mouse model PD increasing PPARα, turn stimulates GDNF astrocytes, (4) reduces amyloid plaque pathology, activity glial improves memory, (5) increases myelin genes (MBP CNPase) via PPAR‐β, (6) hippocampal BDNF counteract depression. Conclusion According study, investigated its potential therapeutic effect NDs. Further research needed fully understand

Language: Английский

---

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Potential P300-Related Events and Alpha and Beta EEG Band Rhythms in Parkinson's Disease

Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 25 - 25

Published: Jan. 31, 2024

Background: Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. While a definitive cure for remains elusive, range treatments are available to slow its progression and counteract symptoms. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) represents non-invasive method induce brain plasticity. The aim this study was examine effects two weeks tDCS on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) neurophysiological functioning patients. Methods: Thirty patients aged between 67 82 years with participated experiment. Fifteen underwent DLPFC, while fifteen sham tDCS. Neurophysiological functions were assessed before after using electroencephalogram methods alpha beta band rhythms P300 event-related potential latency. Results: led reduction in onset latency response an increase power spectrum rhythms. Conclusions: This research enhances our understanding context treatment, as bands associated improvements cognitive aspects.

Language: Английский

---

Enhancing Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis through Stacking Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Approach

IEEE Access, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12, P. 79549 - 79567

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects motor abilities. Common symptoms include tremors, muscle stiffness, and difficulty with coordinated movements. A variety of efforts are underway to address these issues improve diagnostic precision in disease. This paper employs well-known machine-learning techniques accuracy. individual ensemble AI models have been proposed, including Random Forest, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machine, Stacking, Bagging Ensemble classifiers. Three scenarios applied two standard benchmark datasets. The best performance achieved when the Stacking classifier utilized, where Machine Boosting engaged for extracting features Regression classifying 1.00,0.00,0.00The reaches 94.87% accuracy 90.00% AUC first dataset, while second 96.18% 96.27% recorded. final results demonstrate importance suggested framework, which can help overall diagnosis outcomes.

Language: Английский

---

Exploring the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease and the Efficacy of Antioxidant Treatment

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(9), P. 1138 - 1138

Published: Sept. 20, 2024

Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) are life-altering diseases that characterised by progressive memory loss motor dysfunction. The prevalence of AD PD is predicted to continuously increase. Symptoms primarily mediated neuron death dysfunction in the hippocampus substantia nigra. Central features drive neurodegeneration caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, amyloid-β, and/or α-synuclein formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase these central features. Currently, there limited therapeutic options targeting mechanisms. Antioxidants reduce ROS levels induction antioxidant proteins direct neutralisation ROS. This review aims assess effectiveness antioxidants reducing neurodegeneration. enhance major endogenous defences against including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione. Direct protects ROS-induced cytotoxicity. combination Indirect protective mechanisms prevents amyloid-β ameliorate ROS-mediated oxidative stress subsequent deleterious downstream effects promote apoptosis. As a result, harmful events death, dysfunction, aggregation decreased. human models have yet directly replicate success seen cell animal models. However, lack diversity for clinical trials definitive answer if protective. Taken together, treatment promising avenue neurodegenerative disease therapy needed provide on antioxidants. No current strategies significant impact treating advanced PD, but new mimetics mitochondrial enzymes (Avasopasem Manganese, GC4419 AVA) may be innovative option decelerating progress future at level OS.

Language: Английский

---