The
development
of
a
polarized
neuron
relies
on
the
selective
transport
proteins
to
axons
and
dendrites.
Although
it
is
well
known
that
microtubule
cytoskeleton
has
central
role
in
establishing
neuronal
polarity,
how
its
specific
organization
established
maintained
poorly
understood.
Using
vivo
model
system
Caenorhabditis
elegans,
we
found
highly
conserved
UNC-119
protein
provides
link
between
membrane-associated
Ankyrin
(UNC-44)
microtubule-associated
CRMP
(UNC-33).
Together
they
form
periodic
complex
anchors
axonal
dendritic
bundles
cortex.
This
anchoring
critical
maintain
by
opposing
kinesin-1
powered
sliding.
Disturbing
this
molecular
alters
polarity
causes
strong
developmental
defects
nervous
leading
severely
paralyzed
animals.
Experimental Biology and Medicine,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
244(15), P. 1255 - 1272
Published: Aug. 9, 2019
Cardiomyocytes
are
large
(∼40,000
µm
3
),
rod-shaped
muscle
cells
that
provide
the
working
force
behind
each
heartbeat.
These
highly
structured
packed
with
dense
cytoskeletal
networks
can
be
divided
into
two
groups—the
contractile
(i.e.
sarcomeric)
cytoskeleton
consists
of
filamentous
actin-myosin
arrays
organized
myofibrils,
and
non-sarcomeric
cytoskeleton,
which
is
composed
β-
γ-actin,
microtubules,
intermediate
filaments.
Together,
microtubules
filaments
form
a
cross-linked
scaffold,
these
responsible
for
delivery
intracellular
cargo,
transmission
mechanical
signals,
shaping
membrane
systems,
organization
myofibrils
organelles.
Microtubules
extensively
altered
as
part
both
adaptive
pathological
cardiac
remodeling,
has
diverse
ramifications
structure
function
cardiomyocyte.
In
heart
failure,
proliferation
post-translational
modification
microtubule
network
linked
to
number
maladaptive
processes,
including
impediment
cardiomyocyte
contraction
relaxation.
This
raises
possibility
reversing
alterations
could
improve
performance,
yet
therapeutic
efforts
will
strongly
benefit
from
deeper
understanding
basic
biology
in
heart.
The
aim
this
review
summarize
known
physiological
roles
network,
consequences
its
highlight
open
intriguing
questions
regarding
microtubules.
Impact
statement
Advancements
cell
biological
biophysical
approaches
super-resolution
imaging
have
greatly
broadened
our
view
tubulin
over
last
decade.
heart,
microtubule-based
transport
help
organize
maintain
key
structures
within
cardiomyocyte,
sarcomere,
intercalated
disc,
protein
clearance
machinery
transverse-tubule
sarcoplasmic
reticulum
membranes.
It
become
increasingly
clear
post
translational
regulation
determinant
their
sub-cellular
functionality.
Alterations
density,
stability,
modifications
hallmarks
modified
directly
impede
various
forms
disease.
summarizes
functional
multi-leveled
highlights
how
refined
experimental
techniques
shedding
mechanistic
clarity
on
regionally
specified
physiology
pathophysiology.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: Feb. 18, 2025
Doublecortin
is
a
neuronal
microtubule-associated
protein
that
regulates
microtubule
structure
in
neurons.
Mutations
cause
lissencephaly
and
subcortical
band
heterotopia
by
impairing
migration.
We
use
CRISPR/Cas9
to
knock-out
the
gene
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
differentiate
into
cortical
DCX-KO
neurons
show
reduced
velocities
of
nuclear
movements
an
increased
number
neurites
early
development,
consistent
with
previous
findings.
Neurite
branching
regulated
host
proteins,
as
well
polymerization
dynamics.
However,
EB
comet
dynamics
are
unchanged
Rather,
we
observe
significant
reduction
α-tubulin
polyglutamylation
Polyglutamylation
levels
rescued
expression
or
TTLL11,
glutamylase.
Using
U2OS
orthogonal
model
system,
DCX
TTLL11
act
synergistically
promote
polyglutamylation.
propose
acts
positive
regulator
restricts
neurite
branching.
Our
results
indicate
unexpected
role
for
homeostasis
tubulin
code.
Lissencephaly
severe
neurodevelopmental
disease
often
caused
mutations
Dcx
gene.
human
cellular
lissencephaly,
authors
report
activating
Neuronal
cell
morphogenesis
depends
on
proper
regulation
of
microtubule-based
transport,
but
the
underlying
mechanisms
are
not
well
understood.
Here,
we
report
our
study
MAP7,
a
unique
microtubule-associated
protein
that
interacts
with
both
microtubules
and
motor
kinesin-1.
Structure-function
analysis
in
rat
embryonic
sensory
neurons
shows
kinesin-1
interacting
domain
MAP7
is
required
for
axon
branch
growth
formation.
Also,
two
microtubule
binding
sites
found
have
distinct
dissociation
kinetics
Furthermore,
recruits
dynamically
to
microtubules,
leading
alterations
organelle
transport
behaviors,
particularly
pause/speed
switching.
As
localized
sites,
results
suggest
novel
mechanism
mediated
by
dual
interactions
precise
control
during
morphogenesis.
Experimental Biology and Medicine,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
244(15), P. 1240 - 1254
Published: Aug. 6, 2019
Microtubules
are
cytoskeletal
elements
known
as
drivers
of
directed
cell
migration,
vesicle
and
organelle
trafficking,
mitosis.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
new
research
in
the
lens
that
has
shed
light
into
further
roles
for
stable
microtubules
process
development
morphogenesis.
lens,
well
other
systems,
distinct
characteristically
dynamic
stabilized
populations
coming
to
light.
Understanding
mechanisms
microtubule
stabilization
associated
post-translational
modifications
is
an
evolving
field
study.
Appropriate
cellular
homeostasis
relies
on
not
only
one
element,
but
also
rather
interaction
between
proteins
regulators.
key
integrators
with
actin
intermediate
filaments,
cell–cell
junctional
regulators
including
myosin
RhoGTPases
maintain
balance.
Impact
statement
The
role
functioning
constantly
expanding.
examine
exciting
fields
discovery
microtubule’s
involvement
morphogenesis,
highlight
our
understanding
differential
versus
subpopulations,
a
integrator.
