Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(4), P. 306 - 312

Published: March 4, 2019

Language: Английский

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Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 112(8), P. 2307 - 2313

Published: Feb. 2, 2015

The genetic enhancement of wild animals and plants for characteristics that benefit human populations has been practiced thousands years, resulting in impressive improvements commercially valuable species. Despite these benefits, manipulations are rarely considered noncommercial purposes, such as conservation restoration initiatives. Over the last century, humans have driven global climate change through industrialization release increasing amounts CO 2 , shifts ocean temperature, chemistry, sea level, well frequency storms, all which can profoundly impact marine ecosystems. Coral reefs highly diverse ecosystems suffered massive declines health abundance a result other direct anthropogenic disturbances. There is great concern high rates, magnitudes, complexity environmental overwhelming intrinsic capacity corals to adapt survive. Although it important address root causes changing climate, also prudent explore potential augment reef organisms tolerate stress facilitate recovery after Here, we review risks benefits improvement natural commercial stocks noncoral systems advocate series experiments determine feasibility developing coral with enhanced tolerance acceleration naturally occurring processes, an approach known (human)-assisted evolution, while at same time initiating public dialogue on this approach.

Language: Английский

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Responses of Marine Organisms to Climate Change across Oceans

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 3

Published: May 4, 2016

Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of ocean that have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence responses life to recent climate across regions, from tropical seas polar oceans. We consider observed calcification rates, demography, abundance, distribution phenology species. draw on a database impacts species, supplemented with Fifth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel Change. discuss factors limit or facilitate species' responses, such as fishing pressure, availability prey, habitat, light other resources, dispersal by currents. find general trends species are consistent expectations change, including poleward deeper distributional shifts, advances spring phenology, declines increases abundance warm-water The volume type variable regions taxonomic groups, much derived heavily-studied north Atlantic Ocean. Most investigations biological changing temperature, few observations effects oxygen, wave climate, precipitation (coastal waters) acidification. Observations been linked anthropogenic widespread, but still lacking some groups (e.g., phytoplankton, benthic invertebrates, mammals).

Language: Английский

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Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 283(1824), P. 20152592 - 20152592

Published: Feb. 10, 2016

Interactions between multiple ecosystem stressors are expected to jeopardize biological processes, functions and biodiversity. The scientific community has declared stressor interactions—notably synergies—a key issue for conservation management. Here, we review ecological literature over the past four decades evaluate trends in reporting of interactions (synergies, antagonisms additive effects) highlight implications importance conservation. Despite increasing popularity, ever-finer terminologies, find that synergies (still) not most prevalent type interaction, practitioners need appreciate manage all interaction outcomes, including antagonistic effects. However, it will be possible identify effect every on organism's physiology function because number stressors, their potential interactions, growing rapidly. Predicting may near-future, using meta-analyses, conservation-oriented experiments adaptive monitoring. Pending a general framework predicting management should enact interventions robust uncertainty continue bolster resilience stressful world.

Language: Английский

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Net effects of multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems: a meta‐analysis

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 22(1), P. 180 - 189

Published: July 7, 2015

Abstract The accelerating rate of global change has focused attention on the cumulative impacts novel and extreme environmental changes (i.e. stressors), especially in marine ecosystems. As integrators local catchment regional processes, freshwater ecosystems are also ranked highly sensitive to net effects multiple stressors, yet there not been a large‐scale quantitative synthesis. We analysed data from 88 papers including 286 responses paired stressors discovered that overall, their mean effect size was less than sum single an antagonistic interaction). Net dual diversity functional performance response metrics were additive antagonistic, respectively. Across individual studies, simple vote‐counting method revealed stressor pairs frequently more (41%) synergistic (28%), (16%) or reversed (15%). Here, we define reversal as occurring when impact two is opposite direction (negative positive) effects. While warming with nutrification resulted effects, overall combined second antagonistic. Most importantly, across all consistently additive, contrasting greater prevalence reported synergies systems. possible explanation for by biota inherent variability smaller aquatic fosters potential acclimation co‐adaptation stressors.

Language: Английский

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Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections

Biogeosciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(13), P. 3439 - 3470

Published: July 6, 2020

Abstract. Anthropogenic climate change is projected to lead ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes primary production, all of which are expected affect marine ecosystems. Here we assess projections these drivers environmental over the twenty-first century from Earth system models (ESMs) participating Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) that were forced under CMIP6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Projections compared those previous generation (CMIP5) Representative Concentration (RCPs). A total 10 CMIP5 13 used two multi-model ensembles. Under high-emission scenario SSP5-8.5, global mean (2080–2099 values relative 1870–1899) ± inter-model SD sea surface temperature, pH, subsurface (100–600 m) oxygen concentration, euphotic (0–100 nitrate depth-integrated production +3.47±0.78 ∘C, -0.44±0.005, -13.27±5.28, -1.06±0.45 mmol m−3 -2.99±9.11 %, respectively. low-emission, high-mitigation SSP1-2.6, corresponding +1.42±0.32 -0.16±0.002, -6.36±2.92, -0.52±0.23 m−3, -0.56±4.12 %. Projected exposure ecosystem depends largely on extent future emissions, consistent with studies. The ESMs generally project greater but lesser declines than comparable radiative forcing. increased warming results a general increase sensitivity CMIP5. This enhanced increases upper-ocean stratification projections, contributes ventilation. acidification primarily consequence SSPs having higher associated atmospheric CO2 concentrations their RCP analogues for same We find no reduction uncertainties, even an net uncertainties CMIP6, as

Language: Английский

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Multiple Stressors in a Changing World: The Need for an Improved Perspective on Physiological Responses to the Dynamic Marine Environment

Annual Review of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. 357 - 378

Published: Sept. 11, 2015

Abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) fluctuate through time in most marine environments, sometimes passing intensity thresholds that induce physiological stress. Depending on habitat season, the peak of different abiotic stressors can occur or out phase with one another. Thus, some organisms are exposed to multiple simultaneously, whereas others experience them sequentially. Understanding these physicochemical dynamics is critical because how respond depends magnitude relative timing each stressor. Here, we first discuss broad patterns covariation between systems at various temporal scales. We then describe will influence responses multi-stressor exposures. Finally, summarize effects currently assessed. find experiments have rarely incorporated naturalistic variation into their designs, emphasize importance doing so make ecologically relevant inferences about global change.

Language: Английский

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Coastal ocean acidification: The other eutrophication problem

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 148, P. 1 - 13

Published: June 5, 2014

Language: Английский

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A review and meta‐analysis of the effects of multiple abiotic stressors on marine embryos and larvae

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 21(6), P. 2122 - 2140

Published: Dec. 9, 2014

Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple greater than sum individual effects. Early life stages marine potentially vulnerable associated global change, but identifying general patterns across studies, species and response variables is challenging. This review represents first meta-analysis multistressor studies target early (embryo larvae), particularly between temperature, salinity pH as these best studied. Knowledge gaps research on abiotic also identified. The yielded several key results: (1) Synergistic interactions (65% tests) more common additive (17%) or antagonistic interactions. (2) Larvae generally embryos thermal stress. (3) Survival sublethal responses be affected by thermal, (4) Interaction types vary among stressors, ontogenetic biological responses, they consistent phyla. (5) Ocean acidification a stressor for calcifying noncalcifying larvae. Despite being ecologically realistic single-factor multifactorial may still oversimplify complex systems, so meta-analyses data from them must cautiously interpreted regard extrapolation field conditions. Nonetheless, our results identify taxa that (e.g. molluscs, echinoderms) robust arthropods, cnidarians) We provide list recommendations future those focussed stages.

Language: Английский

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Harmful algal blooms: A climate change co-stressor in marine and freshwater ecosystems

Harmful Algae, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 91, P. 101590 - 101590

Published: May 21, 2019

Marine and freshwater ecosystems are warming, acidifying, deoxygenating as a consequence of climate change. In parallel, the impacts harmful algal blooms (HABs) on these intensifying. Many eutrophic habitats that host recurring HABs already experience thermal extremes, low dissolved oxygen, pH, making locations potential sentinel sites for conditions will become more common in larger-scale systems change accelerates. While studies effects or individual stressors aquatic organisms have been relatively common, assessing their combined rare. Those doing so reported strong species- strain-specific interactions between HAB species co-stressors yielding outcomes could not predicted based investigations factors individually. This review provides an ecological physiological framework considering co-stressor considers consequences occurrence coastal ecosystems. also highlights critical gaps our understanding must be addressed order to develop management plans adequately protect fisheries, aquaculture, ecosystems, human health. Ultimately, incorporating into experiments monitoring programs where multiple considered provide ecologically relevant perspective structure function marine future, climate-altered systems.

Language: Английский

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