PFAS: forever chemicals—persistent, bioaccumulative and mobile. Reviewing the status and the need for their phase out and remediation of contaminated sites

Environmental Sciences Europe, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 35(1)

Published: March 23, 2023

Abstract Background Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have received increasing scientific political attention in recent years. Several thousand commercially produced compounds are used numerous products technical processes. Due to their extreme persistence the environment, humans all other life forms are, therefore, increasingly exposed these substances. In following review, PFAS will be examined comprehensively. Results The best studied carboxylic sulfonic acids with chain lengths of C4 C14, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane (PFOS). These harmful aquatic fauna, insects, amphibians at concentrations a few µg/L or less, accumulate organisms, biomagnify food webs. Humans, as final link chains, subjected uptake primarily through drinking water. multiple toxic effects, affecting liver, kidney, thyroid, immune system. latter effect is basis for establishment tolerable weekly dose only 4.4 ng/kg body weight sum four representatives PFOA, PFOS, perfluorononanoic (PFNA) perfluorohexane (PFHxS) by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2020. Exposure estimates human biomonitoring show that this value frequently reached, many cases exceeded. major challenge analysis, especially waste: single-substance analyses capture fragment large, diverse family PFAS. As consequence, parameters gained importance. high mobility per makes soil groundwater pollution contaminated sites problem. general, short-chain more mobile than long-chain ones. Processes purification water treatment often ineffective expensive. Recycling PFAS-containing such paper packaging leads carryover contaminants. Incineration requires temperatures completely destroy After PFOS perfluorinated were regulated internationally, manufacturers users switched PFAS: representatives, per- oxo acids, telomeric alcohols acids. Analytical studies an increase environmental chemicals. Ultra-short (chain length C1–C3) not been well studied. Among others, trifluoroacetic (TFA) present globally rapidly concentrations. Conclusions substitution individual recognized hazardous possibly equally virtually unknown chronic toxicity can, solution. answer switch fluorine-free alternatives applications which essential.

Language: Английский

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A review of PFAS adsorption from aqueous solutions: Current approaches, engineering applications, challenges, and opportunities

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 321, P. 121138 - 121138

Published: Jan. 23, 2023

Language: Английский

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Critical Review of Thermal Decomposition of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Mechanisms and Implications for Thermal Treatment Processes

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 56(9), P. 5355 - 5370

Published: April 21, 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are fluorinated organic chemicals that concerning due to their environmental persistence adverse human ecological effects. Remediation of PFAS contamination presence in consumer products have led the production solid liquid waste streams containing high concentrations PFASs, which require efficient cost-effective treatment solutions. PFASs challenging defluorinate by conventional advanced destructive processes, physical separation processes produce (e.g., membrane concentrate, spent activated carbon) requiring further post-treatment. Incineration other thermal widely available, but use managing PFAS-containing wastes remains poorly understood. Under specific operating conditions, is expected mineralize degradation mechanisms pathways unknown. In this review, we critically evaluate decomposition mechanisms, pathways, byproducts crucial design operation processes. We highlight analytical capabilities challenges identify research gaps limit current understanding safely applying destroy as a viable end-of-life process.

Language: Английский

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Potential Environmental and Human Health Risks Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and Emerging Contaminants (ECs) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 374 - 374

Published: April 1, 2021

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) directly at landfills or open dump areas, without segregation and treatment, is a significant concern due to its hazardous contents antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal (MGEs). released leachate from greatly effects the soil physicochemical, biological, groundwater properties associated with agricultural activity human health. abundance ARB, ARGs, MGEs have been reported worldwide, including MSW landfill sites, animal husbandry, wastewater, groundwater, soil, aerosol. This review elucidates occurrence MRGs, which are regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs). Recently, ECs received global attention because their prevalence in substantial threat environmental public health, an economic burden for developing nations. present exclusively discusses demands develop novel eco-friendly management strategy combat these issues. also gives intrinsic discussion about insights different aspects health concerns caused massive generation, antibiotics (AR), on various reservoirs Furthermore, current throws light source fate possible impact nearby environments (groundwater, surface water, soil) affecting strongly suggests demand future research focuses advancement removal efficiency improvement relevant reduce potential disposable waste. We propose necessity identification monitoring risks contaminants.

Language: Английский

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Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

Environmental Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Feb. 22, 2023

Abstract Background Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of public health concern, because their ubiquitous extremely persistent occurrence, depending on structure, bio-accumulative, mobile toxic properties. Human effects associated with exposure to PFAS include adverse the immune system. In 2020, EFSA (the European Food Safety Authority) defined system as most critical effect for human risk assessment, based reduced antibody responses childhood vaccines similar observed in experimental animal studies. Likewise, U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) considers PFAS-induced immunotoxicity, especially children, assessment. However, mechanisms by which concentrations impacted not completely understood. Furthermore, other targets functions have been reported literature. Objective The aim this review is explore PFAS-associated immune-related effects. This includes, relevant that may underlie system, immunosuppression well immunoenhancement, such i) modulation cell signalling nuclear receptors, NF-κB PPARs; ii) alteration calcium homoeostasis cells; iii) populations; iv) oxidative stress v) impact fatty acid metabolism & secondary Methods A literature research was conducted using three databases (Web Science, PubMed, Scopus), were searched July 2021 studies published time frame from 2018 2021. total, 487 publications identified potentially eligible following expert-based judgement, articles induced immunotoxicity discussed. Conclusions Taken together, we show there substantial evidence both vitro vivo epidemiological studies, supporting various PFAS, only PFOA PFOS, affect multiple aspects Timing critical, developing vulnerable insults, resulting a higher particularly but also organs later life.

Language: Английский

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Revisiting the “forever chemicals”, PFOA and PFOS exposure in drinking water

npj Clean Water, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Aug. 21, 2023

Abstract Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), known as the most detected per- polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various environmental compartments, have been associated with plastic pollution endocrine dysfunction. Over past 180 years (1839–2019), numerous emerging contaminants identified, PFOA PFOS receiving considerable attention based on scientific evidence publications. Between 2018 2019, experienced a relatively high increase rate of 18.8% 13.6%, respectively. While developed countries made progress establishing stringent guidelines, developing underdeveloped often lack regulations mechanisms to address PFAS. Furthermore, advancements PFAS removal technologies are needed improve their efficacy feasibility. The establishment regulatory compliances, along exposure assessment risk characterization, is essential for providing precautionary advice water source protection, supply security, health risks, treatment efficiency, contamination forecasting. However, more comprehensive approach database evaluating risks still imperative effectively combat drinking water. Therefore, this review aims enhance monitoring management practices response global crisis contamination. analysis Needs, Approaches, Benefits, Challenges (NABC) grounded current trends environment human through

Language: Английский

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Addressing Urgent Questions for PFAS in the 21st Century

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 14, 2021

Despite decades of research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), fundamental obstacles remain to addressing worldwide contamination by these chemicals their associated impacts environmental quality health. Here, we propose six urgent questions relevant science, technology, policy that must be tackled address the "PFAS problem": (1) What are global production volumes PFAS, where PFAS used? (2) Where unknown hotspots in environment? (3) How can make measuring globally accessible? (4) safely manage PFAS-containing waste? (5) do understand describe health effects exposure? (6) Who pays costs contamination? The importance each question barriers progress briefly described, several potential paths forward proposed. Given diversity uses, extreme persistence most striking ongoing lack information, inequity from contamination, there is a need for scientific regulatory communities work together, with cooperation PFAS-related industries, fill critical data gaps protect human environment.

Language: Английский

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Integrated Photocatalytic Reduction and Oxidation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by Metal–Organic Frameworks: Key Insights into the Degradation Mechanisms

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 144(26), P. 11840 - 11850

Published: June 22, 2022

The high porosity and tunability of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have made them an appealing group materials for environmental applications. However, their potential in the photocatalytic degradation per- polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been rarely investigated. Hereby, we demonstrate that over 98.9% perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was degraded by MIL-125-NH2, a titanium-based MOF, 24 h under Hg-lamp irradiation. MOF maintained its structural integrity after three cycles, as indicated crystal structure, surface area, pore size distribution. Based on experimental results density functional theory (DFT) calculations, detailed reaction mechanism chain-shortening H/F exchange pathways hydrated electron (eaq–)-induced PFOA were revealed. Significantly, proposed coordinated contribution eaq– hydroxyl radical (•OH) is vital chain-shortening, highlighting importance integrated system capable both reduction oxidation efficient PFAS water. Our shed light development effective sustainable technologies breakdown environment.

Language: Английский

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Porous organic polymers (POPs) for environmental remediation

Materials Horizons, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 4083 - 4138

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Porous organic polymers show great potential for addressing environmental pollution challenges, including chemical sensing, wastewater treatment, toxic gas sorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and further promoting sustainable remediation strategies.

Language: Английский

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Sewage sludge treatment methods and P-recovery possibilities: Current state-of-the-art

Journal of Environmental Management, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 315, P. 115090 - 115090

Published: April 27, 2022

Language: Английский

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