Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
98(1), P. 239 - 389
Published: Dec. 24, 2017
Astrocytes
are
neural
cells
of
ectodermal,
neuroepithelial
origin
that
provide
for
homeostasis
and
defense
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
highly
heterogeneous
in
morphological
appearance;
they
express
a
multitude
receptors,
channels,
membrane
transporters.
This
complement
underlies
their
remarkable
adaptive
plasticity
defines
functional
maintenance
CNS
development
aging.
tightly
integrated
into
networks
act
within
context
tissue;
astrocytes
control
at
all
levels
organization
from
molecular
to
whole
organ.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
8(2), P. 184 - 184
Published: Feb. 20, 2019
Glutamate
is
one
of
the
most
prevalent
neurotransmitters
released
by
excitatory
neurons
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS);
however,
residual
glutamate
extracellular
space
is,
potentially,
neurotoxic.
It
now
well-established
that
fundamental
functions
astrocytes
to
uptake
synaptically-released
glutamate,
which
optimizes
neuronal
and
prevents
excitotoxicity.
In
CNS,
clearance
mediated
transporters
expressed,
principally,
astrocytes.
Interestingly,
recent
studies
demonstrate
stimulates
Ca
Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
472(9), P. 1299 - 1343
Published: Aug. 13, 2020
Abstract
Energy
demand
of
neurons
in
brain
that
is
covered
by
glucose
supply
from
the
blood
ensured
transporters
capillaries
and
cells.
In
brain,
facilitative
diffusion
GLUT1-6
GLUT8,
Na
+
-
d
-glucose
cotransporters
SGLT1
are
expressed.
The
mediate
uptake
across
blood-brain
barrier
delivery
to
astrocytes
neurons.
They
critically
involved
regulatory
adaptations
varying
energy
demands
response
differing
neuronal
activities
supply.
this
review,
a
comprehensive
overview
about
verified
proposed
roles
cerebral
during
health
diseases
presented.
Our
current
knowledge
mainly
based
on
experiments
performed
rodents.
First,
functional
properties
human
expressed
their
locations
described.
Thereafter,
physiological
functions
GLUT1,
GLUT2,
GLUT3,
GLUT4,
for
neurons,
sensing,
central
regulation
glucohomeostasis,
feeding
behavior
compiled,
learning
memory
formation
discussed.
addition,
described
which
changes
relevant.
These
GLUT1
deficiency
syndrome
(GLUT1-SD),
diabetes
mellitus,
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD),
stroke,
traumatic
injury
(TBI).
GLUT1-SD
caused
defect
mutations
GLUT1.
Diabetes
AD
associated
with
changed
expression
transporter-related
may
contribute
pathogenesis
AD.
Stroke
TBI
transporter
influence
clinical
outcome.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
17(9), P. 1450 - 1450
Published: Sept. 1, 2016
More
than
two
hundred
years
after
its
discovery,
lactate
still
remains
an
intriguing
molecule.
Considered
for
a
long
time
as
waste
product
of
metabolism
and
the
culprit
behind
muscular
fatigue,
it
was
then
recognized
important
fuel
many
cells.
In
particular,
in
nervous
system,
has
been
proposed
that
lactate,
released
by
astrocytes
response
to
neuronal
activation,
is
taken
up
neurons,
oxidized
pyruvate
used
synthesizing
acetyl-CoA
be
tricarboxylic
acid
cycle.
recently,
addition
this
metabolic
role,
discovery
specific
receptor
prompted
reconsideration
now
seen
sort
hormone,
even
involved
processes
complex
memory
formation
neuroprotection.
As
matter
fact,
exercise
offers
benefits
our
organisms,
seems
delay
brain
aging
neurodegeneration.
Now,
induces
production
release
into
blood
which
can
reach
liver,
heart,
also
brain.
Can
beneficial
molecule
produced
during
exercise,
offer
neuroprotection?
review,
we
summarize
what
have
known
on
discussing
roles
attributed
over
time.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
38(1), P. 3 - 13
Published: Jan. 3, 2018
A
major
controversy
persists
within
the
field
of
glial
biology
concerning
whether
or
not,
under
physiological
conditions,
neuronal
activity
leads
to
Ca2+-dependent
release
neurotransmitters
from
astrocytes,
a
phenomenon
known
as
gliotransmission.
Our
perspective
is
that,
while
we
and
others
can
apply
techniques
cause
gliotransmission,
there
considerable
evidence
gathered
using
astrocyte-specific
more
approaches
which
suggests
that
gliotransmission
pharmacological
rather
than
process.
Approaches
providing
against
include
stimulation
Gq-GPCRs
expressed
only
in
well
removal
primary
proposed
source
astrocyte
Ca2+
responsible
for
These
contrast
with
those
supportive
mechanical
stimulation,
strong
astrocytic
depolarization
whole-cell
patch-clamp
optogenetics,
uncaging
IP3,
chelating
BAPTA,
nonspecific
bath
application
agonists
receptors
by
multitude
cell
types.
are
not
subtle
therefore
recent
suggestions
requires
very
specific
delicate
temporal
spatial
requirements.
Other
evidence,
including
lack
propagating
waves
between
astrocytes
healthy
tissue,
expression
vesicular
machinery,
demise
d-serine
hypothesis,
provides
additional
Overall,
data
suggest
province
neurons,
intact
brain
conditions.Dual
Perspectives
Companion
Paper:
Gliotransmission:
Beyond
Black-and-White,
Iaroslav
Savtchouk
Andrea
Volterra.
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Nov. 27, 2018
Research
on
glial
cells
over
the
past
30
years
has
confirmed
critical
role
of
astrocytes
in
pathophysiological
brain
states.
However,
most
our
knowledge
about
astrocyte
physiology
and
interactions
between
neurons
is
based
premises
that
constitute
a
homogeneous
cell
type,
without
considering
particular
properties
circuits
or
nuclei
which
are
located.
Therefore,
we
argue
more-sophisticated
experiments
required
to
elucidate
specific
features
different
regions,
even
within
layers
circuit.
Thus,
addition
diverse
mechanisms
used
by
communicate
with
synaptic
partners,
it
necessary
take
into
account
cellular
heterogeneity
likely
contributes
outcomes
astrocyte-neuron
signaling.
In
this
review
article,
briefly
summarize
current
data
regarding
anatomical,
molecular
functional
communication,
as
well
communication.
The Journal of Physiology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
598(9), P. 1655 - 1670
Published: Feb. 8, 2019
Astrocytes
are
homeostatic
and
protective
cells
of
the
central
nervous
system.
Astroglial
responses
tightly
coordinated
with
neuronal
activity.
maintain
excitability
through
regulation
extracellular
ion
concentrations,
as
well
assisting
modulating
synaptic
transmission
by
uptake
catabolism
major
neurotransmitters.
Moreover,
they
support
metabolism
detoxify
ammonium
reactive
oxygen
species.
actions
initiated
controlled
intercellular
signalling
ions,
including
Ca2+
,
Na+
Cl-
H+
possibly
K+
.
This
review
summarises
current
knowledge
on
ionic
signals
mediated
monovalent
which
occur
in
microdomains,
global
events,
or
propagating
waves
thereby
represent
substrate
for
astroglial
excitability.
