International Journal of Surgery Global Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(2)

Published: Feb. 19, 2024

The recent outbreaks of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in West Africa (Ghana and Guinea) are a cause global concern, exemplified by the fact that was included WHO list high priority pathogens 2018 due to its potential risk causing significant harm public health1. is member Filoviridea family, same as deadly Ebola virus. zoonotic spreads via contact with animals, blood, or other bodily fluids such saliva, semen, sweat, urine, even tears from infected humans2. Once MARV inside human body, remains asymptomatic for 3–21 days an average incubation period 5–10 days2. Fruit bats have been identified hosts virus, which then transmitted humans3. Symptoms MVD include fever, malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, severe watery diarrhea, characteristic erythematous rash on face buttocks around day eight rest body3,4. Extensive hemorrhage form ecchymosis, petechiae, bleeding gums, mouth, body orifices, hematemesis, melena entail most concerning symptoms3. progresses multi organ failure shock, ultimately leads death5. roots this lethal traced back 1976 when unknown infectious epidemic features hemorrhagic fever occurred three different cities simultaneously globe: Marburg, Frankfurt (Germany), Belgrade (Yugoslavia, Serbia now)6. Numerous since, including Uganda, Democratic Republic Congo recently, 2022, Ghana 2023 Guinea7. has more than 50 years; sadly, there still paucity development treatment8 despite improvement standard intensive patient care, integration prophylactic therapeutic treatment options diseases generally lacking9. Significant gaps genomics bioinformatics capacity national institutions also caused MVD10. It therefore urgent look into deal ongoing issue continue be threat times we recovering aftermaths COVID-19 newer variants. sudden arrival initially unexpected, but prior ecological niche modeling revealed traits African sub-regions were comparable those Virus endemic locations, indicating region highly susceptible MVD11. As 21 March 2023, Equatorial Guinea had nine confirmed cases 20 suspected cases. wide geographic spread province connections between suggest possibility undisclosed community transmission12. In Tanzania, total Kagera region, resulting 62.5% case fatality rate (CFR), national-level evaluated extremely CFR outbreak would regions, well limited resources surpassing existing capacity13. reported 2022 66.7%14. current epidemiological investigation not yet outbreak15. There four Uganda 2007, 2012, 2014, 2017 ranging 27 100%16,17. According WHO, Guinea, Ghana, Angola, Congo, Kenya, South previously https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease. order combat epidemic, Guinea's Ministry Health working several organizations, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Alliance International Medical Action (ALIMA), US Centers Disease Control Prevention (CDC), Red Cross, Organization Migration, others. Since no vaccines treatments MVD, their collective efforts aim prevent new through tracing, active searching health facilities, enhanced surveillance, communication, engagement, infection prevention, control measures18. fight against Ghana's co-ordinating partners assistance. Co-ordination mechanisms developed affected areas Ashanti Region-designated hospital established15. Furthermore, bolstering community-based surveillance giving testing reagents NMIMR (Noguchi Memorial Institute Medicine Research) located at University Accra, Ghana15,19. sending experts before assist identification, care planning educate people about disease's risks hazards20. Recent research done National Allergy Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part Institutes (NIH) showed promising results https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/marburg-vaccine-shows-promising-results-first-human-study various options, postexposure therapy using antiviral medications, monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, viral inhibitors, shown encouraging , still, vaccine approved21. Also, implementing One (OH) strategy provided framework co-ordinated effective response emergencies improved event management lower MARV22. Public professionals clinicians should prioritize primary prevention measures contain disease. With medicines mortality rate, future pandemics remain possible23. absence specific treatment, supportive balancing electrolyte levels, maintaining oxygen blood pressure, replacing loss clotting factors might helpful3. WHO's report, illnesses like surged 63% during last 10 years. Seventy percent these instances viruses, placing heavy pressure healthcare infrastructure. Overall living standards dropped result16. Three years epidemics Africa, measles, polio, Lassa dengue, yellow already taxed inadequate system pandemic struck24,25. Because so lethal, it took up scarce system. good chance additional will adequately managed because present another fatal outbreak, trapping vicious cycle where managing infections complicated24. UNICEF budget brief report documents communicable costing 6.9% gross domestic product (GDP) occurred. expected fall 2025 1.8% GDP, far below LMICs (lower middle-income countries) allocation 2.3% GDP budget25. Along issue, difficulties thus reducing become pandemic, trouble detecting early stages resemblance initial COVID-1924. considering address circumstances bear similarities encountered others, example, outbreak. This similarity underscores importance underestimating MVD26. challenge identifying source Guinea. Despite investigations, elusive. effectiveness both countries hinders identification process, thereby increasing transmission within neighboring nations25. Even freely crossing borders causes upheaval spreading countries. Countries hard-pressed access essential services dealing slew COVID-19, vaccine-derived polio24. impact further exacerbated infrastructure, noncompliance, education, expertise, lack financial/personnel support, required handle structural level27. Other challenges insufficient nation's system, problem capacity24. sporadic who gave travel history, cave inhabited Rousettus aegyptiacus bat colony Uganda. That why exposure very visit caves, awareness safety precautions wearing masks, gloves, PPE28. noted addressing all issues vital certain one can take catching well. Some listed Table 1. 1 - Measure Description Avoid fluids29 feces, vomit, breast milk, amniotic fluid, vaginal individuals 2 Transfer system30 Any instantly transferred isolation instead home 3 Proceed caution aerosol-generating procedures31 When doing procedures generate aerosols, proceed utmost 4 Use protective gear handling wildlife30 gloves suitable while wildlife 5 measures32 providers use IPC measures, conventional transmission-based caring patients 6 Safer sexual activities male survivors28 Male survivors must engage safer maintain better personal hygiene until semen tests virus-free twice 7 Safely dispose dead bodies31 bodies safely disposed conclusion, transform if authorities do appropriate right now. becoming relies regional Africa. Given constant migration travel, spread. Therefore, increased spending level (Africa) crucial successfully controlling halting tracks. To completely eradicate quickly feasible, researchers develop potent medications MARV. While advancements essential, involvement, equally important. size fits approach case-based real-time changes made, actions taken encourage self-prevention. Through mass media social scale, local government make creating educational content collaborations influencers masses precautions, equipment (PPE) special emphasis coexistence emerging varieties delta COVID, hazards associated bat-to-human human-to-human transmission. Organizations enhance co-ordination regarding provide sustained financial support reduce recurrence Thus, together, nations surmount any obstacle construct healthier world, ensuring tomorrow everyone. By joining forces fortify management, reinforce systems, propel scientific research, cultivate raise consciousness MARV, they (WHO?) establish environment effectively contained managed. shared commitment unwavering resolve, avert progression safeguarding welfare across globe. Ethics approval consent participle Not applicable. Consent publication Sources funding received grant agency public, commercial, not-for-profit sectors. Author contribution F.J.: conceptualized study, drafted manuscript, final version published, ensured accuracy work; N.B.: contributed study design manuscript drafting, verified M.A.: wrote original draft M.H.: writing draft, H.H.S.: M.O.O.: writing, review comments, resources, software, project supervision, validation, visualization. All authors approved publication. Conflicts interest disclosure competing interests declare relevant article. Research registration unique number (UIN) Name registry: Unique ID: Hyperlink your (must publicly accessible checked): Guarantor Malik Olatunde Oduoye. Availability data material Provenance peer commissioned, externally peer-reviewed.

Language: Английский