Journal of Materials Chemistry B,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(10), P. 2036 - 2062
Published: Jan. 1, 2023
Hydrogels,
soft
3D
materials
of
cross-linked
hydrophilic
polymer
chains
with
a
high
water
content,
have
found
numerous
applications
in
biomedicine
because
their
similarity
to
native
tissue,
biocompatibility
and
tuneable
properties.
In
general,
hydrogels
are
poor
conductors
electric
current,
due
the
insulating
nature
commonly-used
chains.
A
number
biomedical
require
or
benefit
from
an
increased
electrical
conductivity.
These
include
used
as
scaffolds
for
tissue
engineering
electroactive
cells,
strain-sensitive
sensors
platforms
controlled
drug
delivery.
The
incorporation
conductive
nanomaterials
results
nanocomposite
which
combine
conductivity
nature,
flexibility
content
hydrogels.
Here,
we
review
state
art
such
materials,
describing
theories
current
conduction
hydrogels,
outlining
limitations
highlighting
methods
improving
Small,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
18(5)
Published: Oct. 17, 2021
Abstract
Conductive
hydrogels
can
be
prepared
by
incorporating
various
conductive
materials
into
polymeric
network
hydrogels.
In
recent
years,
have
been
developed
and
applied
in
the
field
of
strain
sensors
owing
to
their
unique
properties,
such
as
electrical
conductivity,
mechanical
self‐healing,
anti‐freezing
properties.
These
remarkable
properties
allow
hydrogel‐based
show
excellent
performance
for
identifying
external
stimuli
detecting
human
body
movement,
even
at
subzero
temperatures.
This
review
summarizes
application
fabrication
working
different
modes.
Finally,
a
brief
prospectus
development
future
is
provided.
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
34(15)
Published: Feb. 16, 2022
Conducting
polymer
hydrogels
are
promising
materials
in
soft
bioelectronics
because
of
their
tissue-like
mechanical
properties
and
the
capability
electrical
interaction
with
tissues.
However,
it
is
challenging
to
balance
conductivity
stretchability:
pure
conducting
highly
conductive,
but
they
brittle;
while
incorporating
network
a
form
double
can
improve
stretchability,
its
significantly
decreases.
Here,
problem
addressed
by
concentrating
poorly
crosslinked
precursor
hydrogel
high
content
ratio
achieve
densified
double-network
(5.5
wt%
polymer),
exhibiting
both
(≈10
S
cm-1
)
large
fracture
strain
(≈150%),
addition
biocompatibility,
softness,
low
swelling
ratio,
desired
electrochemical
for
bioelectronics.
A
surface
grafting
method
further
used
an
adhesive
layer
on
hydrogel,
enabling
robust
rapid
bonding
Furthermore,
proposed
applied
show
high-quality
physiological
signal
recording
reliable,
low-voltage
stimulation
based
vivo
rat
model.
This
provides
ideal
strategy
reliable
tissue-device
integration
communications.
ACS Materials Letters,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
2(10), P. 1287 - 1301
Published: Aug. 25, 2020
Conductive
hydrogels
are
widely
used
in
various
applications,
such
as
artificial
skin,
flexible
and
implantable
bioelectronics,
tissue
engineering.
However,
it
is
still
a
challenge
to
formulate
with
high
electrical
conductivity
without
compromising
their
physicochemical
properties
(e.g.,
toughness,
stretchability,
biocompatibility).
Additionally,
incorporating
other
functions,
self-healing,
shape
memory,
wet
adhesion,
into
conductive
critical
many
practical
applications
of
hydrogel
bioelectronics.
In
this
Review,
we
highlight
recent
progress
the
development
functional
hydrogels.
We,
then,
discuss
potential
challenges
faced
by
areas
wearable/implantable
electronics
cell/tissue
can
serve
an
important
building
block
for
bioelectronic
devices
personalized
healthcare
bioengineering
areas.
ACS Applied Bio Materials,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
4(1), P. 85 - 121
Published: Aug. 17, 2020
Natural
biopolymer-based
conductive
hydrogels,
which
combine
inherent
renewable,
nontoxic
features,
biocompatibility
and
biodegradability
of
biopolymers,
excellent
flexibility
conductivity
exhibit
great
potential
in
applications
wearable
stretchable
sensing
devices.
Compared
to
traditional
flexible
substrates
deriving
from
petro-materials-derived
polymers,
hydrogels
consisting
continuous
cross-linked
polymer
networks
a
large
amount
water
more
fantastic
combination
stretchability
because
their
endow
the
with
mechanical
offers
them
consecutive
ionic
transport
property.
Different
biopolymers
that
are
extracted
bioresource
intrinsic
commonly
considered
as
appropriate
candidates
for
constructing
For
example,
such
cellulose,
chitosan,
silk
fibroin
usually
chosen
promising
construct
endowing
enhanced
properties
remarkable
biocompatibility.
This
review
summarizes
recent
progress
natural
utilized
electrical
devices
series
typical
including
fibroin,
gelatin.
The
chemical
structures
physicochemical
four
demonstrated,
diverse
hydrogel
sensors
discussed
detail.
Finally,
remaining
challenges
expectations
discussed.
Journal of Materials Chemistry B,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
9(22), P. 4423 - 4443
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Flexible
bioelectronics
have
promising
applications
in
electronic
skin,
wearable
devices,
biomedical
electronics,
etc.
Hydrogels
unique
advantages
for
due
to
their
tissue-like
mechanical
properties
and
excellent
biocompatibility.
Particularly,
conductive
tissue
adhesive
hydrogels
can
self-adhere
bio-tissues
great
potential
implantable
bioelectronics.
This
review
focuses
on
the
recent
progress
hydrogel
bioelectronics,
including
mechanism
preparation
of
hydrogels,
fabrication
strategies
applications.
Some
perspectives
are
provided
at
end
review.
ACS Applied Bio Materials,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
4(1), P. 140 - 162
Published: Nov. 17, 2020
Hydrogels
are
three-dimensional
porous
polymeric
networks
prepared
by
physical
or
chemical
cross-linking
of
hydrophilic
molecules,
which
can
be
made
into
smart
materials
through
judicious
modifications
to
recognize
external
stimuli;
more
specifically,
this
accomplished
the
integration
with
stimuli-responsive
polymers
sensing
molecules
that
has
drawn
considerable
attention
in
their
possible
roles
as
sensors
and
diagnostic
tools.
They
tailored
different
structures
integrated
systems,
depending
on
structure,
sensitivity
stimuli
biocompatibility.
A
panoramic
overview
advances
field
hydrogels
over
past
several
decades
focusing
a
variety
protocols
hydrogel
preparations
is
provided,
major
focus
natural
polymers.
The
composites
incorporating
inorganic
nanoparticles
organic
compounds
for
sensor
applications
mechanisms
also
discussed.
Nano-Micro Letters,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: April 15, 2023
Growing
health
awareness
triggers
the
public's
concern
about
problems.
People
want
a
timely
and
comprehensive
picture
of
their
condition
without
frequent
trips
to
hospital
for
costly
cumbersome
general
check-ups.
The
wearable
technique
provides
continuous
measurement
method
monitoring
by
tracking
person's
physiological
data
analyzing
it
locally
or
remotely.
During
process,
different
kinds
sensors
convert
signals
into
electrical
optical
that
can
be
recorded
transmitted,
consequently
playing
crucial
role
in
techniques.
Wearable
application
scenarios
usually
require
possess
excellent
flexibility
stretchability.
Thus,
designing
flexible
stretchable
with
reliable
performance
is
key
technology.
Smart
composite
hydrogels,
which
have
tunable
properties,
mechanical
biocompatibility,
multi-stimulus
sensitivity,
are
one
best
sensitive
materials
monitoring.
This
review
summarizes
common
synthetic
optimization
strategies
smart
hydrogels
focuses
on
current
field
Chemical Reviews,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
122(18), P. 14594 - 14678
Published: Sept. 2, 2022
Noncovalent
interactions,
which
usually
feature
tunable
strength,
reversibility,
and
environmental
adaptability,
have
been
recognized
as
driving
forces
in
a
variety
of
biological
chemical
processes,
contributing
to
the
recognition
between
molecules,
formation
molecule
clusters,
establishment
complex
structures
macromolecules.
The
marriage
noncovalent
interactions
conventional
covalent
polymers
offers
systems
novel
mechanical,
physicochemical,
properties,
are
highly
dependent
on
binding
mechanisms
that
can
be
illuminated
via
quantification.
This
review
systematically
discusses
nanomechanical
characterization
typical
polymeric
systems,
mainly
through
direct
force
measurements
at
microscopic,
nanoscopic,
molecular
levels,
provide
quantitative
information
(e.g.,
ranges,
strengths,
dynamics)
behaviors.
fundamental
understandings
intermolecular
interfacial
then
correlated
macroscopic
performances
series
noncovalently
bonded
polymers,
whose
functions
stimuli-responsiveness,
self-healing
capacity,
universal
adhesiveness)
customized
manipulation
providing
insights
into
rational
design
advanced
materials
with
applications
biomedical,
energy,
environmental,
other
engineering
fields.