Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy

Current Oncology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 29(5), P. 3044 - 3060

Published: April 24, 2022

The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these have been utilized successfully patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head neck cancers non-small lung cancer. US FDA has approved three different categories inhibitors (ICIs) PD-1 (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Cemiplimab), PDL-1 (Atezolimumab, Durvalumab Avelumab), inhibitor (Ipilimumab). Unfortunately, not all respond favourably to drugs, highlighting role biomarkers Tumour mutation burden (TMB), expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, ECM predicting responses ICIs-based current study aims review literature updates on ICIs therapy.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the tumor microenvironment for effective immunotherapy

Medicinal Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 41(3), P. 1474 - 1498

Published: Dec. 4, 2020

Abstract Advances in immunotherapy have led to durable and long‐term benefits a subset of patients across number solid tumor types. Understanding the subsets that respond immune checkpoint inhibitors at cellular level, context their microenvironment (TME) is becoming increasingly important. The TME composed heterogeneous milieu cells. landscape can inhibit or promote initiation progression; thus, deeper understanding immunity necessary develop immunotherapeutic strategies. Recent developments focused on characterizing contexture (type, density, function) discover mechanisms biomarkers may predict treatment outcomes. This has, part, been powered by advancements spatial characterization technologies. In this review article, we address role specific cells within various stages progression how determinants affecting growth are used therapeutically.

Language: Английский

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The association between albumin levels and survival in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Background: The albumin levels may potentially be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with cancertreated immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) due to its close relationship nutritional and inflammatory status. However, the available data is limited heterogeneous patient cohorts, sample sizes variable cut-offs. Therefore, we conducted systematic review meta-analysis evaluate association between survival outcomes treated ICIs. Methods: We using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase databases filter published studies up 1 June 2022. meta-analyses were performed generic inverse-variance method random-effects model high degree heterogeneity. primary outcome measure was hazard ratio (HR) 95% confidence intervals (CI). study protocol registered PROSPERO registry (Registration Number: CRD42022337746). Results: Thirty-six encompassing 8406 cancer advanced disease included meta-analyses. Almost half NSCLC cohorts (n = 15), 3.5 gr/dL most frequently cut-off 20). Patients lower had significantly increased risk death (HR: 1.65, CI: 1.52–1.80, p < 0.0001) than higher levels. Subgroup analyses for location, size, tumor type demonstrated consistent results. Furthermore, subgroup analysis eight continuous factor, every decrease associated by factor 10% 1.10, 1.05–1.16, 0.0002). Similar overall survival, an progression or compared 1.76, 1.40–2.21, 0.001). Conclusion: evidence demonstrates that Further research needed delineate role ICIs adjuvant setting, well possible benefit therapeutic approaches improve hypoalbuminemia.

Language: Английский

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Multimaterial 3D and 4D Bioprinting of Heterogenous Constructs for Tissue Engineering

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(34)

Published: Sept. 22, 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM), which is based on the principle of layer-by-layer shaping and stacking discrete materials, has shown significant benefits in fabrication complicated implants for tissue engineering (TE). However, many native tissues exhibit anisotropic heterogenous constructs with diverse components functions. Consequently, replication biomimetic using conventional AM processes a single material challenging. Multimaterial 3D 4D bioprinting (with time as fourth dimension) emerged promising solution constructing multifunctional that can mimic host microenvironment better than single-material alternatives. Notably, 4D-printed multimaterial architectures provide time-dependent programmable dynamic promote cell activity regeneration response to external stimuli. This paper first presents typical design strategies TE applications. Subsequently, latest are discussed, along their advantages challenges. In particular, potential smart highlighted. Furthermore, this review provides insights into how facilitate realization next-generation

Language: Английский

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Targeting the Warburg Effect in Cancer: Where Do We Stand?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 3142 - 3142

Published: March 8, 2024

The Warburg effect, characterized by the preferential conversion of glucose to lactate even in presence oxygen and functional mitochondria, is a prominent metabolic hallmark cancer cells has emerged as promising therapeutic target for therapy. Elevated levels acidic pH within tumor microenvironment (TME) resulting from glycolytic profoundly impact various cellular populations, including macrophage reprogramming impairment T-cell functionality. Altogether, effect been shown promote progression immunosuppression through multiple mechanisms. This review provides an overview current understanding its implications. We summarize recent pharmacological strategies aimed at targeting enzymes, highlighting challenges encountered achieving efficacy. Additionally, we examine utility early diagnostic tool. Finally, discuss multifaceted roles TME, emphasizing potential disrupt interactions between immune cells, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immunity.

Language: Английский

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Defect Engineering in Nanocatalysts: From Design and Synthesis to Applications

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(29)

Published: Feb. 13, 2024

Abstract Defect engineering is an emerging technology for tailoring nanomaterials' characteristics and catalytic performance in various applications. Recently, defect‐engineered nanoparticles have emerged as highly researched materials applications because of their exceptional redox reaction capabilities physicochemical optical properties. The properties nanomaterials can be readily adjusted by controlling the nature concentration defects within nanoparticles, avoiding need intricate design strategies. This review investigates defect nanocatalysts, including design, fabrication, Initially, categories strategies nanomaterial impacts on nanocatalysts' electronic surface properties, activity, selectivity, stability are summarized. Then, processes uses, gas sensing, hydrogen (H 2 ) evolutions, water splitting, reductions carbon dioxide (CO nitrogen to value‐aided products, pollutant degradation, biomedical (oncotherapy, antibacterial wound healing, biomolecular sensing) discussed. Finally, limitations prospective paths allowing logical optimization nanocatalytic long‐term efficient also examined. comprehensive gives unique insights into current state nanocatalysts inspires future research exploiting shortcomings improve customize performance.

Language: Английский

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The interactions of docetaxel with tumor microenvironment

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 119, P. 110214 - 110214

Published: April 29, 2023

Language: Английский

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Crosstalk between metabolism and cell death in tumorigenesis

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: April 4, 2024

Abstract It is generally recognized that tumor cells proliferate more rapidly than normal cells. Due to such an abnormally rapid proliferation rate, cancer constantly encounter the limits of insufficient oxygen and nutrient supplies. To satisfy their growth needs resist adverse environmental events, modify metabolic pathways produce both extra energies substances required for growth. Realizing characters special will be helpful eliminating them during therapy. Cell death a hot topic long-term study targeting cell one most effective ways repress Many studies have successfully demonstrated metabolism inextricably linked Here we summarize recently identified specifically impact on different types deaths discuss roles in tumorigenesis.

Language: Английский

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Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(14), P. 7517 - 7517

Published: July 9, 2024

Breast cancer is a disease encompassing spectrum of molecular subtypes and clinical presentations, each with distinct prognostic implications treatment responses. has traditionally been considered an immunologically "cold" tumor, unresponsive to immunotherapy. However, trials in recent years have found immunotherapy be efficacious therapeutic option for select patients. categorized into different ranging from the most common positive hormone receptor (HR+), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-negative type, less frequent HER2- breast triple-negative (TNBC), highlighting necessity tailored strategies aimed at maximizing patient outcomes. Despite notable progress early detection new modalities, remains second leading cause death USA. Moreover, decades, incidence rates increasing, especially women younger than age 50. This prompted exploration approaches address this trend, offering prospects Immunotherapy class agents that revolutionized landscape many cancers, namely melanoma, lung cancer, gastroesophageal amongst others. Though belatedly, entered armamentarium approval pembrolizumab combination chemotherapy (TNBC) neoadjuvant advanced settings, thereby paving path further research integration immune checkpoint inhibitors other cancer. Trials exploring various therapies harness power symbiosis chemotherapeutic are ongoing hopes improving response prolonging survival Biomarkers precise selection utilization remain cardinal currently under investigation, some biomarkers showing promise, such as Program Death Lignat-1 (PDL-1) Combined Positive Score, Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB), Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). review will present current immunotherapy, particularly inhibitors, types

Language: Английский

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Targeting of TAMs: can we be more clever than cancer cells?

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(12), P. 1376 - 1409

Published: Nov. 8, 2024

АBSTRACT: With increasing incidence and geography, cancer is one of the leading causes death, reduced quality life disability worldwide. Principal progress in development new anticancer therapies, improving efficiency immunotherapeutic tools, personification conventional therapies needs to consider cancer-specific patient-specific programming innate immunity. Intratumoral TAMs their precursors, resident macrophages monocytes, are principal regulators tumor progression therapy resistance. Our review summarizes accumulated evidence for subpopulations number biomarkers, indicating predictive value clinical parameters carcinogenesis resistance, with a focus on solid cancers non-infectious etiology. We present state-of-the-art knowledge about tumor-supporting functions at all stages highlight recently identified by single-cell spatial analytical methods, that discriminate between tumor-promoting tumor-inhibiting TAMs, where both subtypes express combination prototype M1 M2 genes. focuses novel mechanisms involved crosstalk among epigenetic, signaling, transcriptional metabolic pathways TAMs. Particular attention has been given link cell metabolism epigenetic histone lactylation, which can be responsible unlimited protumoral Finally, we explain how interfere currently used therapeutics summarize most advanced data from trials, divide into four categories: inhibition TAM survival differentiation, monocyte/TAM recruitment tumors, functional reprogramming genetic enhancement macrophages.

Language: Английский

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